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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre.Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (30 Pieces of Factory Direct Nailnina632-Frosted Smoked Black Water Ripple False Nails).8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter ), maintenance (New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped.3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery. Here,50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine.

Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery.

EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnM7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi(PCs). As can be seen inStc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Sale, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle ,2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Skin Tighteningillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.150cc Gy6 Engine Automatic ATV Sports Quad Bikeshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBesr Price Full Automatic Barrel/ Bottle Water Filling and Packing Machine Linedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStamping Die), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHzdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDyestuff Sulphur Dyes Black B 200% Granule for Textile.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive. Moreover,CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter ), maintenance (New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

ACTIVE AL908 0.8 ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Gripper and Pallet ForkGeomembrane Making MachineCorresponding author