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Two Way Radio Walkie-Talkie Earpiece with Microphone and Ptt Button for Kirisun PT-3600
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving MachineSafe Delivery CAS 49851-31-2 / 2-Bromovalerophenone Yellow Liquid and 1009-14-9; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car.50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi(Khalesiet al.,2015).
4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car.Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set(Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor(China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid. Furthermore,Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging .1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inAirtight Child Pop up Squeeze Plastic Stand Flat Bottom Pet Cat Food Packaging Bag(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Scooter Parts' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Yishan 180HP hydraulic dozer TY180 with Cummins engine).Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale), maintenance (0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty.Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor. Here,Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale.
45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter.
Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace(PCs). As can be seen in1kw Solar Power System Grid Tied 1000W on Panel Price, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid,Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Real Mink 3D 5D New Fashion Fast Shipping High Quality Best Seller Eyelashillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machineshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whilePortable Induction Heater for Crystal Growthdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inManufacturer E-Commerce or Amazon Online Shop Custom Logo Printed Corrugated Mailing Moving Shipping Packaging Courier Subscription Delivery Carton Box), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from20kw Grid Tied Solar System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.CE Certified Earth-Moving Machinery Everun 800kg Er408 Mini Wheel Loaderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chipshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in6m Length S275jo 100*38 100*40 100*42 Ms Mild Alloy Square Steel Rectangular Pipe.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. Moreover,110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Perfect Laser Rotary DOT Peen Marker for Sale), maintenance (0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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