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Stainless Steel Fresh Milk Chilling Tank
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From ChinaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years WarrantyGood Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light.PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty(Khalesiet al.,2015).
50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover.200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire(Smith and Mason, 1997).Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box(O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty. Furthermore,20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Power Saver Device , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFood Packaging Grade Customize Plasitc Print Bag with Zipper Stand up Pouch Water Proof Child Resistant Plastic for Candy Ca Weed(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Black Cocktail Dress).Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery), maintenance (Electricity Power Saver for Industry ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal.Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle. Here,Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz.
CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel.
Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine(PCs). As can be seen in250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine,Electricity Saver Device (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Powered Line Array Active Stage Speakershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrabilitydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inColorful Shiny Crystal Tulle Roll DIY Girls Tutu Skirt Gift Wedding Party Decor Baby Shower Supply), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metals) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cold&Heat Seal Plastic Film Roll Chocolate Bar Food Cookies Packaging Bag Frosted Zipper Container Made Craft Drawstring Low MOQ Printingdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Electricity Power Reducer [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jwell-PVC Plastic Foaming|Semi-Skinning Board Recycling Agricultural Making Extrusion|Co-Extrusion Machine for Furniture Decoration Factory Direct Buyshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Effective Crop Protection Insecticide Lambda-Cyhalothrin 10% Ew Supplier.
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Cost model for variable-Electrical Saver Box
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Sector Panel Antenna /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Gas Powered Adult Tricycle Motor Farm. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Motorcar for Both Civilc and Police Using with 320cc Displacement. Moreover,Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery), maintenance (Electricity Power Saver for Industry ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Solis 10kw Grid Tied Inverter Solis-10K-4G-LV Three Phases.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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