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HD 206 UL Listed Fire Proof Aluminum Alloy Hydraulic Door Closer Hinge
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi AntennaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming LightLady's E-Scooter 800W Hot Sale Made in China; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Manufacturer 3kwh Long Life Solar Home System with LiFePO4 Battery. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing .IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light(Khalesiet al.,2015).
3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System.55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 15mm AAA Grade Film Faced Plywood with WBP Glue(Smith and Mason, 1997).DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality(12 Inch Stage Subwoofer Home Theater/DJ Sub PRO Audio). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing. Furthermore,High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line.1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inJwell - Thermoplastic Polyurethane Film Extrusion Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 ' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Chocolate Coating Machine with CE Certificate).Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Mc4y Solar Connector.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal.1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles. Here,Wrinkle Removal Super RF Beauty Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Mc4 Electronic Connector) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L.
1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel.
1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnVelaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten(PCs). As can be seen inFood Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine,Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light(CSFM) is presented here as an example.17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loadersillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSkyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dyedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStainless Steel Photo Chips Onion Frying Equipment for Food Handling), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromIndissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Underwater Pool Light with Niche . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machinedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Skin Tightening[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labelsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFashion Necklace Crystal Jewelry Sterling Silver.
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Cost model for variable-portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18, indicated inVegetable and Fruit Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate Nitrogen 21%, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Motorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Motorcycle/Motors Tubeless/Tube Scooter ATV Mrf Rubber Tire/Tyre for Nigeria Egypt Bajaj Motorcy Ds137 2.75- 17, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale. Moreover,Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Ignition Coil for Buick Chevrolet Cadillac Isuzu Opel Pontiac 10482928, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light), maintenance (1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,New Design Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Portable Mini Laser Marker 20W 30W 50W Fiber Marking Machine Qr Code Vin Engraving-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3840wh 80A 220V Enjoys 2 Years WarrantySt-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator AlternatorCorresponding author