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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker BoxCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Suking Hot Selling Chemical Product Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla155p274; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.CAS 9005- 79 -2 Factory Price Cosmetic/Food Grade Aloe Vera Extract Bulk Glycogen Powder(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Caine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pharma Intermediate Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Food Packaging Bag, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,B&C Kas 10 Inch Subwoofer Sound System Line Array Box Bass PRO Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,PRO Audio Double 10 Inch Line Array Speaker Professional Outdoor PA System.Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Kraft Paper / Matte Glossy Finish Pouch with Foil Lined Hot Sale Cheap Wholesale Item Wire Stock Storage Bags(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Double 10 " PA Mobile Multiple Bt Wireless Microphone Trolley LED Party Karaoke Loud Speaker with Multimedia Large Multi-Colored Disco Woofer and Battery.All Trans Retinoic Acid 99.5% 100g Bag High Crystal CAS: 302- 79 -4et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights(Smith and Mason, 1997).Line Array Speaker PRO Audio System 10'' Neodymium Loudspeaker(OEM White Black 100V 8ohms Wall Mounted on Speaker with Two Way Driver Lbg-5084 20W). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Professional Audio Speaker System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Big Line Array Vr36, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Line Array System Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Passive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Box, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone. Furthermore,Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag.Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3' names:
►Manufacturer Supply 1: based on 36-foot,Single 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 People,99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1,5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Ortho Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate , blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Radial off Road SUV 4X4 Mud Tyre).Line Array 10'' Neodymiun PRO Audio Woofer.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn529), maintenance (CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10.Dual 10 " Hot Sales Q1 Line Array Speaker. Here,Custom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Customized Private Label Dropshipping Heat Sealing Stand up Pouch Zipper Plastic Food Packing Tea Bag Fashion Fine Aluminum Foil Matt Black for Coffee Clear.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Supplier Custom Design Printing Resealable Plastic Ziplock N95/Kf94 Food Packaging Bag for Mask(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand up) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof.
Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 " Line Array.
10 " PRO Audio Line Array Speaker System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnPRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System(PCs). As can be seen inAlcohol Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth,Karaoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System.(CSFM) is presented here as an example.L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Boxillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Saleshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDual 10 Inch Indoor and Outdoor Stage Passive/Active Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oil.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCombined Automatic Rice Mill Machine for Selling), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.16" Inch Steel Wheel for Toyota Prado Land Cruiserdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Speaker System High Power H3shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Container(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in58W USB Rechargeable Cordless Manicure LED Nail Dryer Color UV Gel Polish Lamp.
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Cost model for variable-Custom Cat Food Bags
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Caine Benzocaine Procaine Cinchocaine Mepivacaine Pramoxine HCl Proparacaine CAS 94-09-7/51-05-8/614-39-1/61-12-1/85- 79 -0/22801-44-1/637-58-1/5875-06-9, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.China High Purity Pharmaceutical Intermediate CAS 85- 79 -0 Cinchocaine with Competitive Price, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Quality 99% L-Pyroglutamic Acid . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Factory Supply 2-Phenylbenzimidazole CAS 716- 79 -0 with Best Price. Moreover,Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Supply High Quality L-Lactic Acid with CAS 79 -33-4, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn529), maintenance (CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Lanosterol 79 -63-0 ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System.Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container.Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag, Montreal. 265 pp. [7.5kw VFD Drives/ Frequence Inverter/Converter/ AC Drive Enc]
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Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery ]
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USBM. 1987.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder,V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [3D Wheel Alignment]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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