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Commercial Custom Halo 3D Mini Letters Acrylic Lighted Channel Signs
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PVC Pipe Making Machine AlibabaCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Theater Professional Line Array SpeakerFlying Laser Marking System Marker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.15' Water-Proof Installation Long-Throw Speaker with 100V Transformer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Guangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Factory Export 99% Purity Chlorhexidine CAS55-56-1 with Lowest Price, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Free Clearance Surface Anesthesia of Eyes. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Free Clearance USP40 Tetracaine Base Skin Surface Anesthesia Pain Reliever Cream CAS: 94-24-6.High Purity 9-Hydroxyfluorene CAS 1689-64-1 with Good Price in Stock(Khalesiet al.,2015).
CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plastics.Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufactureret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Articulated Wheel Loader Mr 908 Euro Style 800kg /0.8ton Mini for Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819(Customized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker. Furthermore,Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array.CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Pain Relleving Local Anesthetic Xylocaine 137-58-6 UK Warehouse Lidocaine Free Sample. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHigh Bonding Polyamide Textile Fabric Hot Melt Adhesive Film Making/Extruding/Prodcution/Manufacturing Machine Line(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 Ukraine' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCS, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Single 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Block Making Machine in Ghana).800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass), maintenance (2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca.New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO. Here,Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Double 12'' Line Array Audio) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker.
15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4.
Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnBp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping(PCs). As can be seen inPRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Usedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inProfessional Factory Manufacturing Medical High Reputation OEM Available Oxygen Generator), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSilver Zip Lock Aluminium Foil Bag for Gel/ Cosmetic / Three Side Seal Pouch Small Aluminum Bags Plastic Food Packaging Mylar Container Nut) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Pharmaceutical Intermediate 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,PA Speaker Accessories and Parts [9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Speaker PRO Audio System Compact Line Array PA Lq10shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCee/IEC 4p IP67 Three Phase 400V Industrial Panel Mounted Socket.
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Cost model for variable-New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Power Column Speaker PA System; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Guangzhou Skytone Vera S18 18'' New Design Line Array Subwoofer, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket . Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer, indicated inUV Birch Plywood with Poplar Core Carb E0 Glue From Factory, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine. Moreover,The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass), maintenance (2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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