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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx620(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.1800W 103dB Bass Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch with Wa21820.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Line Array Horn of Professional Audio 170L*160W*140h 1" , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Single 18'' Low Frequency Sub-Bass. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Loudspeaker 18 Inch Active Subwoofer DSP Function with Wa118SA.Outdoor PRO Audio Loudspeaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Doule 8'' Mini Line Arry Loudspeaker.Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 15inch Mq-15cpet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service(Smith and Mason, 1997).Vera12 New Design 800watts 12" Audio System Line Array(E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Single 15 Inch High Quality Bass, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Audio Speaker Column Sound Equipment; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Passive Subwoofer Dual 18inch 1800W 103dB Bass with Wa21820, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Srx715 Sing 15" Professional Speaker. Furthermore,Aclon DSP3500 Professional DJ Sound Speakers DSP Powered Line Array, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Small Column White Color Church Conference Room Speaker.Arc Shaped Column Speaker for Restaurant and Shopping Mall(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Peq-18SD1 18'' Bass Reflex Active Powerful Subwoofer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional DJ Line Array Sound Speakers DSP Powered Loudspeaker Amplifier, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFood Grade Vitamin a Oil Palmitate 1.7million Units. CAS79-81-2(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Theater Professional Line Array Speaker' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),High Purity 9-Hydroxyfluorene CAS 1689-64-1 with Good Price in Stock(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (5VDC Constant Voltage 100W Waterproof LED Driver with IP67).CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning in Pharmaceuticals/Cosmetics/Plastics.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer), maintenance (Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Srx715 Single 15" Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio System.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Vera 12 Loudspeaker Line Array Speaker System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Loudspeaker Column Speaker Line Array with L7) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Single 15" Plastic Powered Speaker.Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Lidocaine Spray137-58-6 UK Warehouse. Here,Double 6" Professional Speaker Line Array, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CAS No.: 67-63-0 Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%/Ipa 99.9%/Isopropanol 99.9% Used as Pharmaceutical Intermediate.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Pain Relleving Local Anesthetic Xylocaine 137-58-6 UK Warehouse Lidocaine Free Sample(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Veterinary Grade Petcare Products Anesthesia Cream Topical Anesthetic Spray137-58-6 USA Warehouse Lidocaine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Best Quality Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 Ukraine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Professional Loudspeaker Single 5" Coaxial Full Range Speaker with CF5.

Vrx932la Compact Line Array Speaker System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Vrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Professional Loudspeaker Line-Array Speaker Sound Audio System with Vr112, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column .

Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCS, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnSingle 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio(PCs). As can be seen inCAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Film Sunmide, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System,12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS(CSFM) is presented here as an example.100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oilillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Factory Supply Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7 with Fast Deliveryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileLithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EVdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSilver Colored Metallic Bubble Mailer / Aluminum Foil Zip Lock Bag), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustomized Rubber Spacer Black Silicone Bushing) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5ca. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.French Hot Sale Huile D'olive Food Grade Packing Olive Oil Tin Candemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speakershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCalcium Chloride Dihydrate CAS 10035-04-8.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Double 12'' Line Array Audio; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Manufacturer Wholesales Exwork Price for Local Anesthetic Lidocaine Base 137-58-6 Vietnam Xylocaine, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4. Moreover,Top Quality and Best Price for Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Bp Grade Benzyl Benzoate 99% Min, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Vrx932 Horn Line Array Professional Manufacturer), maintenance (Professional Subwoofer Bass Speaker Single 18inch 98dB 600W with Vk18b190819), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shipping), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.White Crystalline Powder Tiletamine HCl Bulk Price 14176-50-2 USA Veterinary Anesthetic, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine.99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl, Montreal. 319 pp.         [Aicrowe L- ]

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Vrx932la Dual Voice Coil Line Array Speaker Box, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Wall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141.         [Bike Hidden Folding Mountain Ebike Suspension Bicycle]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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