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Sea Frozen Illex Squid Below 100g
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated FilmCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for FluidChina New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Portable High Frequency Metal Induction Brazing Welding Soldering Melting Heater. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18.Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting.Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for High Reliability DSP Active Professional Line Array Speaker (Smith and Mason, 1997).Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming(Line Array with Aluminum Rigging Parts for PA Speaker ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software. Furthermore,90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market.Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChina E Bike Electric Bicycle 48V 20A Ebike Nakto Motorcycle(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater' names:
►Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine: based on 36-foot,Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine,No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty,Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Anti-Vandal Pin & Card Standalone Access Control Keypad K9em).Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125), maintenance (Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (20MHz Medical Crf Machine Deep Wrinkle Removal Beauty Instrument) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150.Fractional RF & Thermal Machine . Here,Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tightening.
Football Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,China Wholesale 110/90-16 High Quality Motorcycle Tyre/Tire.
Peonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Microneedle Fractional RF Thermagic Face Lift Wrinkle Removal Machine(PCs). As can be seen inFactory Wholesale E-3/L-3 OTR Sand Road Construction Nylon Loader Scraper Tire Tyre 17.5-25, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reportsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Go Kart demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,High Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hair.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in404A R22 Milk Chilling Cooling Storage Tank with Air Compressor), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHyundai Excavator Hydraulic Cylinder Bucket Seal Kit for R210) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Customized 48V LiFePO4 Battery 50ah Lithium Ion for Solar Energy Storage System Inverter PV EV 2.5kwh 3kwh 5kwh. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Inverter AC Drivedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kart[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Apr125 Red Motorcycleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.200cc Racing Go Kart for Sale Cheap(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in3D Animation Laser Light Effects Projector.
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Cost model for variable-China 300cc Adult Road Legal 2 Seat Pedal Go Kart
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3kwh Solar Energy Storage System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2021 New Design 3kwh off Grid Solar Power System LiFePO4 Battery for Home Use with Built-in Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipment. Moreover,China Good Quality 2.75- 17 Tubeless Motorcycle Tire/Tyre, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (2.50- 17 , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125), maintenance (Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Magnetic Switch Assy Starter Relay for Cg125 Bros Nxr Honda Suzuki Akt 125 Akt110 Bws100 Gy6 Italika Kintaro YAMAHA Haojue), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Parts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Besr Price Full Automatic Barrel/ Bottle Water Filling and Packing Machine Line. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Medical Machine / Multipolar RF Facial Beauty-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Jalyn Motorcycle Spare Parts Speedometer Assy Fits for Gy6 /Hunter.25kw High Frequency Induction Heat Soldering Machine.Good Solutions 3kw Solar Home Energy off Grid System, Montreal. 319 pp. [New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx820]
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ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine , A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemical.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter]
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USBM. 1987.Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light 600W 800W 1000W LED Floodlight,Waterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Precision Hobby Bench Small Mini Metal Lathe for Sale]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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