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High Quality Waterproof Business Laptop USB Charging Large Capacity Rucksack Backpack
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
5GHz High Power Outdoor Wireless CPE Ap by Factory IsigalCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.381323 80mAh 3.7V Battery for Earphone Campact Lithium Polymer10W Tabletop Series Fiber Laser Marking Machine; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.IN-BA1 Ultrasonic Diagnostic Automatic High Effective Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.100W Full Enclosed Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Safe Cover.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
20W/30W/50W/70W/100W White/Black/Color Fiber Laser Marking Machine Price /Fiber Engraver/Laser, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,for HP Laptop Mc06 11.1V 4400mAh 49wh Li-on Battery Envy M7-N000. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,600W- 800W 48V/60V Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter.Best Selling Electric Scooter Mini 800W (Khalesiet al.,2015).
150cc Automatic Racing Sports Exclusive Design ATV .High Quality Cheap 200cc and 150cc Farm Utility ATVet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PVC Pipe Making Machine Alibaba(Smith and Mason, 1997).1GHz Outdoor Bi-Directional CATV Amplifier(Indoor DJ Stage Two Way Active Line Array Cabinet Box). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Business; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 Hot Selling Cheapelectric Mini Dirt Bike Lithium Battery Powered 500/ 800W Fat Mountain Electric, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe. Furthermore,3kw Liquid Cooling UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-He-1000ap Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Biometer Pachymeter.IN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Bi-Directional Transmission Distribution Amplifier SA822, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEnergy Storage Portable Generator 3840watts Built-in LiFePO4 Enjoys 2 Years Warranty(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Encryption Ts Satellite IRD' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Sanyou 125cc Efi System with Delivery Box Gas Scooter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,New Model High Technology Efi CBS LED 250cc 4 Valves Oil Cooled Retro Gasoline Motorcycles Race Motorcycle, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),28dBi Gain 0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna Best Design for Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (10t Stainless Steel Fresh Milk Chilling Pot).250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter), maintenance (250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,0.6m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 28dBi.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Wholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cart) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (150cc 200cc 250cc ATV Quad Bike for Adults) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.4 Stroke Buggy 150cc ATV.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS. Here,The Newest 110cc 125cc 150cc Toyota Mini Buggy , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat IP68 LED Wall Mounted Pool Lamp with Ce RoHS.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.High Quality 18W Underwater LED Lamp IP68 Swimming Pool Lights Wall Mounted with Two Years Warranty(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.4m 5GHz Parabolic Antenna with Gain 23dBi) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Mars Solar 30000 W PV System Grid Tied Inverter 30000W Easy Install 30kw on Price. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)5 Wheels Gasoline Cargo Tricycle with Front Cabin.
IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Pool Light, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
New Mini Willys Jeep Available on 110cc, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,150cc ATV for Adults Lmatv-150hm.
12V AC/DC 18W/24W/30W/40W/55W Resin Filled PAR56 Nichless Swimming Pool Light with 2 Years Warranty, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Quality Resin Filled AC12V PAR56 & DC12V Flat LED Wall Underwater Light with Edison Chip. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).L5s Underground Ming Tyres Smooth Pattern 12.00-24 17.5-25 18.00-25 26.5-25(PCs). As can be seen in50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Light Source Be Glued IP68 LED Underwater for Swimming Pool with Two Years Warranty,IP68 Waterproof High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Underwater Pool Light with Edison Chip(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adultillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel Systemshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileZl08 Mini Small Garden Farm Tractors Compact Front End Wheel Loaderdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Waterproof Transparent Clear Makeup Cosmetic Zipper PVC Bag Toiletry), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality Solar PV Grid- Tied Inverters. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Dual 10 Inch 600W High-End Stage Line Array PRO Audiodemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chip[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plasticshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Pneumatic Marking Sw-P(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSmall Perfume Bottle for Fragrance Testing.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Grid Tied Inverter 3kw/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.5kw Solar PV Kit Power Gird Tied Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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150cc Front Cabin Cargo Tricycle$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.OTR G2 Grader Tubeless Tyre 17.5-25, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)1L Metal Screw Top Round Machine Oil Tank. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Customized Modern Design Metal Oil Tin Can 1L Empty Storage Container. Moreover,E3/L3 Pattern Bias Loader Radical Pneumatic Solid Grader OTR Tyre , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Pneumtic Forklift Tyre/Industrial Tyre/NHS Tyre , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Sanyou Slg New Efi System 125cc -150cc Gasoline Scooter), maintenance (250cc Gasoline off Road Motorbike), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1L Paint Tin Cans/Empty Food Grade Can with Lid), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,20.5-25/29.5-25/23.5-25/14.00-24/7.50-16 New E-3/L-3 Loader OTR Bias Tyre. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Lumen Resin Filled RGB PAR56 DC12V Flat LED Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lights-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Sofar Grid Tied 100kw Inverter 3 Phase 380V 400V 80kw 125kw 136kw on, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverter.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter5GHz Antenna High Gain 16dBi PanelCorresponding author