GENERAL PAPERS

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S. Arfania; A.R.Bd600 AC Frequency Inverter/Converter/220 V to 380 InverterIN-AC5L ICEN WiFi Wireless Linear Ultrasound Probe Scanner; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1L Beer Can(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Electric Scooter Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Cute Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Pedals 60V800W14ah Lithium Battery for Adults.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

1L Panit Can, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquid. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 Fashionable High Quality with Lithium Battery Electric Scooters EEC Vespa Citycoco Newest Model Motorcycle.Pump Inverter Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturers AC Supplier(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Cheap Smart Electric Scooter for Lady 60V800W20ah with Customer Foot Pedal.Wenge Veneer Catedral Chapa De Madera Reconstituted Engineered PARA MDF Enchapadoset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin(Smith and Mason, 1997).China Ebike Velo Electr 500 Watt Electric Motorbikes for Adults in Stock(Top Local Anesthetic Supplier Marcaine Injection 14252-80-3 Bupivacaine Powder). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Vector Air Compressor Power Transformer, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Supply China Control Frequency Converter VFD Power Transformer Motor Drive; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,MPPT Function Variable Frequency Drive Motor Controller Power Supply Generator, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.0.75kw-11kw Three Phase 380V Frequency Inverter VFD. Furthermore,2885 Factory 25 Years Warranty Solar Power Kits 5kw 8kw 10kw 12kw Grid Energy System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-2876 10kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof.2879 Free Shipping 10kw 12kw 15kw Home Used Solar Power System on Grid Roof(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.AAA Grade 0.9mm Poplar Core/Veneer for Plywood/Furniture. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Radiate Pine Face Veneer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Grade AA Veneer Furniture Building Material Plywood to Dubai' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Best Sale Fashionable Cheaper High Quality 1000W Adults 2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (12oz Bone China Mug of Mkb143).Set Top Box T95q S905X2 4G 32g Android 9.0 HD TV Kodi Quad Core.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box), maintenance (Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,5 Litre Extra Olive Oil Tin Can .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 2.2kw) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Frequency Converterlow Industrial Power Inverter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2370 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.China Electric Moped Motorcycle Sale for Adults Mobility E Scooter with Battery. Here,Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 4kw.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Low Price B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale 1000W 2 Wheel Stand Electric Scooter Motor/Electric Adult Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Solar Pump Inverter Price Quality AC Drive Frequency Converter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Good Quality Pine Wood Core Block Board with Okume Film.

Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Al-Gw6 Fast Electric Motorcycle Speed 60km/H Kits, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Titan Chargeuses Cheap Small Log China Mini Digger Loader with European Quick Hitch, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Chinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter.

Cheap Chinese Moped Scooter with Lithium Battery Rechargeable Electric Motos Motorcycle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn2021 Wuxi Best Selling New Type Racing Mobility Adults 2 Wheels Electric Motorcycles E Motos CKD Scooters. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Grid Tied Solar Energy System 5kw 10kw 20kw 50kw 100kw 200kw 300kw 500kw(PCs). As can be seen inEEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.E-Bike / Electric Scooter /Electric Moped 60V/72V 20ah 800W 1kw 2kwshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileVeterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Titan Mini Loader 800kg New Front End Radloader with Spare Parts Best Shipping Agent Service.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWater Resistant Double Shoulder Business Leisure Travel Computer Laptop Notebook College Students Backpack Pack Bag), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipment) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Fast Delivery 2 Wheel Lithium Battery Electric Bike Lady Bicycle Motorcycle in Stock. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.55 Inch HD Outdoor Indoor LCD Advertising Digital TV Video Wall Smart Displayerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Wolf Wl80 Mini Dumper Loader with Bucket[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipeshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Everun Er408 800kg Construction Equipment Compact Mini Wheel Loader with Bucket(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inGlobal Sunrise Solar Energy with 3W Light *FM Radio*Bluethooth.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Cheap Price Zl08 0.8ton China Mini Articulated Hydraulic Front End Tractor Loaders/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Zl08f 0.8ton China Cheap Price Articulated Tractor Front Wheel Loader; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,High Quality Electric Scooter Factory, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Natural Okoume Venner 0.90mmx6X9FT$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.All Sizes Good White Recon Veneer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Dyed Natural Wood Veneer Oak Crown Cut for Hotel Decoration Shop Wall Kitchen Cabinet. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.15mm Pine Wood Core Block Board for Construction. Moreover,The New Natural Mahogany Okoume Veneer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Veneer Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed Repair for Joining Repairing Core Face Door Furniture, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hot Popular Fast Shipping H. 265 Standars Czech Republic Channels Internet TV Box), maintenance (Junuo China Factory Mini Plastic E Digital Internet TV Set Top Box DVB T2 for Russia), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,982 High Efficiency up to 99% on Grid Solar System 50kw Plants for Large Scale Commercial), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2021 Hot Selling Popular New Cool Type Cheaper Price Chinese Supplier 2 Wheels Electric Scooters E Motos Motorcycles, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk1L /1000ml Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal CanCorresponding author