GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audio(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Set, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,43" Dual Screen LCD Ad Player Full HD Double Display All in One No Touch Android Advertise System.Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator(Khalesiet al.,2015).

10 " Woofer Speaker.High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Governmentet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Zl08f Mini Tractor Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture(10 Inch Sound System Speaker Box China Line Array Audio Systems). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Super Quality and Best Price Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N21%, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set. Furthermore,Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate.China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTransparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set' names:

►6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set: based on 36-foot,in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set,Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensets,6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set, and level control

►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Durable Realistic Stuffed Animals Christmas New Year Gifts for Toddler Girls Kids White and Black Puppy Dog Plush Toys).Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer), maintenance (Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke.Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro. Here,Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set ) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)in Line Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator with Good Quality.

Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Color Custom Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Water Cooled Diesel Engine Used for Electric Power Generator Set.

Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-Cylinder(PCs). As can be seen inElectric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Chinese Brand New 258kw/1500rpm 12 Cylinder 4 Stroke Marine Diesel Engine ,Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Boxillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Displayshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChinese Supplier of Variable Frequency Drive/AC/DC Motor Speed Controllerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signage.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Super Cheap Cross Country Motorcycle Tire/Tyre), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChanning Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Alone Stand Kiosk LCD Digital Signage 32'' Elevator Device Advertising Display. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouchdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucketshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Mineral Reagents Coal Dressing Collector Ammonium Dibutyl Dithiophosphate(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEco Friendly Size #0 6X9 Custom Color Kraft Bubble Mailers Self Sealing Envelopes.

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Cost model for variable-42 Inch Alone Standing Interactive LCD Touch Screen Information Kiosk

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].55 Optional Inch Outdoor Stand Double-Side Alone Digital Signage LCD Advertising Display/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.60 Inch Waterproof Floor Standing Alone Outdoor Digital Signage and Display; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

2021 Popular Outdoor LCD display Alone Instagram Photo Booth. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Sinopec Brand Chemical Fertilizer N21% with White Color, indicated inCosmetic Ultramarine Violet Soap Pigment Matte Manufacturer, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

White Ammonium Sulphate NPK Fertilizer$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Nitrogen 21% Crystal Shape Agriculture Fertilizer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Capro Grade Crystal . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Powder Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate with Nitrogen 21%. Moreover,Powder Caprolactam Grade Chemical Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (N21% Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer), maintenance (Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,White Color Crystal Nitrogen N21% Ammonium Sulfate), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.China Best Price Agriculture Fertilizer with Nitrogen 21%, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Factory Price Agricultrue Fertilizer with Caprolactam Grade. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.White Powder-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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