GENERAL PAPERS

Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa SetCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.4kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60HzIndustrial Energy Saving Device Made in China; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.1.5kw 3phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Round Tin Can for Food Packaging Empty Tinplate.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

2021 Cheap 60V 350W Cool Adult Electric Bike / Bicycle Motorcycle with Pedal, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Pencil Cedar Veneer Medium Denstiy Fiberboards for Stairs. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Technical Wood Veneer MDF Boards for Cupboard.High Quality Small Metal Tin Can with Open Top Lid for Lubricant(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Tx6s H616 Allwinner 4K Smart Aluminum Ott IPTV 10.0 Android TV Box, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inNatural Material Veneer Hand Made Woven for Wall Decoration(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2.5L-25L Square Metal Tin Can with Lid for Paint Glue Adhesives Packing' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Customized B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Birch Veneer

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cute Cheap Electric Scooter for Lady of 60V800W20ah From China(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Pet Bathtub).Many Designs Moulded Door Skin for Interior.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin), maintenance (Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery.1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult. Here,Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W Power Motor with USB.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Direct Supply High Speed Electric Motorcycle Throttle Control Bike(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cheap Street Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Bit Protect Frame 60V800W) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,China Tl08 Mini Wheel Loader with Low Price for Sale. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Er08 Farm Mini Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale.

Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Ce Approved Mini Loader with Road Sweeper, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

2386 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Easy Installation Good Quality Factory Supply Grid Tied 10kw 12kw 15kw on Solar System for Commercial and Industrial Use.

Mars Solar 5kw on Grid Home Power System 5000W 5kVA 5000 Watts Energy Systems 10kw Tied, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn60V/72V 1200W Electric Scooter with Tianneng Battery. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid(PCs). As can be seen inPLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PVshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBidemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Frequency Inverter VFD AC Drive.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inIndustrial Waste Wood Pallet Shredder Crusher Used Crushing Machine Price), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Price Power Battery Motor E Scooter 60V 20ah 2000W Electric Motorcycle) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Frequency Converter for Water Pump. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Vector Control AC Drives / Frequency Inverter Manufacturer 3pH 250kwdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Innopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cansshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNew Style Men Contrast Color Sweatshirt.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Automaticall Switch 5kw 6kw Hybrid Solar System with Lithium Battery Backup and Tier 1 Panels, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W. Moreover,Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Macassar Ebony Veneer Decorative Reconstituted Wood Veneers for Furniture Plywood HPL Door Skin), maintenance (Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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