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Customize Christmas Inflatable Santa's Grotto
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power 6kw 8kw 10kwCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel LoaderPE Extra-Width Geomembrane/Waterproof Sheet Extrusion Line; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Component.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Roof Mounting Solar System 10kw off Grid Tied Power. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Screw Top Metal Tin Can.a. S Solar Wholesale Price System Grid Tied Energy Systems 5kw Panels(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Best Selling! 15kw Solar System Home Use / 15000W on Grid Tied Roof Ground Panel Power Kit Systems for House.Yn725g 18.5kw Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loaderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Doypack Resealable Ziplock Black Aluminum Foil Standing up Pouches Food Packaging Bags with Zipper Ca/Hemp Bag(Smith and Mason, 1997).Yn725g 18.5kw No Cabin Yineng Mini Wheel Loader(Dual 12 Inch Top Passive Line Array Speaker and Single 18 Sub System). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).5L Rectangle Metal Aluminium Chemical Paint Oil Easy Open Tin Can; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Non -Cabin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Fast Delivery Home 5kw Solar Power Grid Tied Energy System Cheap Price. Furthermore,1389 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Full HD Media Player Minix Neo N42c-4 N4200 4G 32g Internet Games Online Play Racing Windows 10 Smart Set Top Box Support Google Apk Install.6000W Single Phase Inverter Grid Tied Home Solar System(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Complete Set 15kw Grid Tied Solar Power System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Cheap Colour Optional Electric Motorcycle for Adults, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Good Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Price Wholesale Vespa Electric Scooter Motorcycle Adult
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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2021 Fashion Electric Mtorcycle 2000W Motor China(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (New Arrival Cheap Drowsiness Baby Diaper Factory Nice Manufacturers in Fujian China Disposable OEM Service).Mini Dumper Wolf Wl80 Loader with CE.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can), maintenance (Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Solar Pump Frequency Inverter MPPT Fuction 0.75kw.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Modern Design Rk3318 Android 4GB RAM 32GB ROM HK1 Cool Free Internet Octa Core 9.0 Set Top TV Box) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Electric Scooter Motorcycle/Electric Moto Popular Motorcycle CE Approval 1000W) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kw.Europe Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle Long Distance The Battery Removable DIY Sticker Cartoon. Here,2021 New Cheap Hot Sale Adults Small Electric 800W Motorcycle with Pedals, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China Hot Sale Single Phase Variable Frequency Inverter 1.5kw 220V.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Small Fquequency Inverter/Converter for Mini Motor(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1.5kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,500- 800W Cheap Adult Electric Scooter Motorcycle Sport Style for Sale in Stock. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin.
Jarol Frequency Inverter with High Quality , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Linyi 9mm/12mm/15mm/18mm Pine/Bintangor/Okoume Film Faced Plywood, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
China Hot Sale Frequency Converter/Inverter 380V 50/60Hz, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Residential Grid Tied 6kw Solar Power System for Home.
Best Factory China Environmentally Friendly 800W CE Certification Electric Motorcycle for Adult, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGood Quality Factory Directly Electric Motorcycle 800W 1000W 60V for Adults. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).on Grid Solar Panel System 30kw Tied Home Power(PCs). As can be seen inCustom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100gr, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2021 60V 20ah EEC Motorcycle Electric Moped Scooter 500/ 800W Motorbike,Chinese Industrial Titan Small 0.8 Ton Articulated Earth Mover Euro Auto Mini Farm Truck Wheel Tractor Front End Loader for Sale(CSFM) is presented here as an example.200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packagingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1L Extra Virgin Olive Oil Metal Can with Covershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileCustomized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercialdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Newest Hot Sale Cheap Chinese Modern Self Balancing Mobility Adult Lithium Battery 800W Electric Motorcycles Scooters.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSinolinking 50tph Gold Sand Separating Machine), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromTriple Phase Variable Frequency Inverter AC Drive) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.0.8ton mini wheel loader with small bucket for multifunctional use. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cheap Racing Go Kart for Sale 200cc Water Cooled Zyaodemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Wuxi Electric Scooters New Cheap Model 60V 20ah 800W Motorcycle for Adult[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Custom Printed Heat Seal Aluminum Plastic Cat Food Packaging Bag Child Resistant Mylarshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2 Wheel Electric Motorcycle with Lead Battery(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inLED Rigid Strip with Lens Backlight for LG Repair.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].5kw Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Grid- Tied Power System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Global Certificated 30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System for Commercial Projects; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Grid Tied 5kw Residencial Solar Energy System Home Power 5000W Panel, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Kodi TV Box Fully Loaded Chrome Android 9.1 OS T95 Max H6 4G 32g Internet Satellite$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Solar Panel System 20kw Grid Tied Home Power 20 Kw Energy, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)20kw Grid Tied Solar System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Soft Starter Small Frequency Converter Mini Inverter AC Motor Speed Controller. Moreover,Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in China, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Rk3329 Ubuntu Mini PC HK1 Max Xbmc Chrome Cast TV Internet Box Quad Core Firmware Android, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Engine Oil Cans 4 Liter Motor Lubricating Tin Can), maintenance (Yn725 Gyineng Mini Wheel Loader), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,220VDC to 220VAC Variable Frequency Inverter), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Solar Pump Inverter 1.5kw AC Drive Frequency Welding Machine, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Electrical VFD Frequency Inverter Three Phase 220V 380V 7.5/11kw for Solar Pump. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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