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2021 New Sharp Curved Crystal Trophy Awards Color Base
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
99% Amide Type Lidocaine Prilocaine Cream USP 2.5% Local Anesthetic Raw Powder CAS: 1786-81-8Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Pneumatic Pipe Beveling Machine High Performence800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Act CNG LPG Fuel System 2568cyl ECU Kits(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Plastic Green Color Masterbatch.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
4 Cyl CNG Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Sequential Injection System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,3cyl 4 Cyl 6cyl 8cyl LPG/CNG Injector Rail. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,L Auto Gas LPG Conversion Kit / Car 4 Cyl Sequential Injection System.High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Diesel Engine Parts Injection System Nozzle Dnopd619.Supply API 99%Min Dalbavancin CAS 171500- 79 -1 Raw Material Powderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Electric Motorcycle Fashion Design 800W with Removable Battery(Smith and Mason, 1997).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel System Nozzle Dlla145pn574(High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Master Batch Organic Colors, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Orange Color Masterbatch; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Plastic Purple Color Masterbatch, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Plastic Grey Color Masterbatch. Furthermore,Free Sample Color Masterbatch ABS PE Non Toxic for Injection Molding, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cosmetic Grade Liquid Form 70% CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid.Health Raw Material Dibasic Sodium Phosphate CAS No.: 7558- 79 -4 with High Quality(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cosmetic Raw Material 99% Retinoic Acid 302- 79 -4. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (ISO and SGS Factory Provide L-Arginine Nitrate 749- 79 -33, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPopular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Quality Gentisic Acid CAS No.: 490- 79 -9 with Fast Delivery' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Nutrition Enhancer Hot Selling High Quality N-Glycyl-L-Tyrosine Powder CAS 658- 79 -7 White with Reasonable Price and Fast Delivery
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Health Raw Material L-Carnitine Fumarate CAS.: 90471- 79 -7, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla152sm043(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Promotion Personalized Custom Made Logo Embroidered Fabric Luggage Belt Adjustable Travel Bag Cross Silkscreen Sublimation Nylon Strap with Metal Buckle).Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156sm139.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924), maintenance (Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla156s820.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Tws Bluetooth Earphones with Charging Cases Wireless 5.0 Earbuds Headphones for iPhone) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 150sn902) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Tws Sport Headset Stereo Headphone Earphone with Charging Box Black.3D Stereo Sound Mini Headphone Built in Microphone & Dual Speakers for Phone Calls. Here,New Products Charging Case Mini Small Headphones Tws Earbuds Wireless 2021, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Transparent Nylon 12 Resin Raw Material Polyamide Granules.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.PA12 Natural Resin Transparent Granules Pellets Polyamide Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-PA12 Plastic Granule for Injection Molding Polyamide 12 Resin Nylon) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,PA12 Injection / Extrusion Molding Polyamide 12 Nylon Granules. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Nylon 12/Nylon Granules/Polyamid 12/Transparent Glasses Frame.
Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets/Resin Equivalent with Tr90 for Glasses Frame, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Raw Material Plastic Resin Pellets Polyamide PA12 Medical Grade Transparent Nylon Granules, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hot Sales! ! Polyamide Nylon PA12 PA Plastic Granules for Injection Grade, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 Hot Selling Good Performance Transparent PA12 Granules / Ployamide 12 for Commercial Installation.
Yanmar Fuel Shutdown Solenoid 1503es-12s5suc12s, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnTransparent Nylon Grilamid PA -7290 Material a Kind of Amorphous PA12. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Ce Certification Plastic Water Bottle Use Yellow Masterbatch(PCs). As can be seen in15kw Solar Inverter Grid Tied, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Hot Selling PP PE Masterbatch Yellow,Professional Carbon Black Masterbatch Factory for Rubbish Bag(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Eco SIP System 30W Waterproof PA Wall Speaker with Digital Power Amplifier Connect to Poe Switchillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.New Design Two-Way Full Range Professional Loudspeaker Multi-Function Speaker Tx1020shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAj-Bmd500 New Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PE Green Color Masterbatches Supplier in China.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in2014 Brand New A-Line White Lace Sweetheart Organza Wedding Dresses Bridal Gowns), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Good Quality Food Additive Maltose Powder 69- 79 -4. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Pharmaceutical High Purity Peptides Powder CAS No. 113- 79 -1 Argipressin Acetate[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Feiyang/Temeisheng 10 Inch Professional DJ Wooden Speaker Audio Gd10-02shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Good Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWeatherproof IEC Standard Receptacle with CB Certification.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160sn567/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla160s325n507; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory Directly Sell Good Performance Virgin Transparent PA12 Granules/Pellets /Polyamide 12 Resin for Oil Cup, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm145. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules, indicated inCustom Printed Clear Aligners Mylar Matte Food Packaging Bags with One Side Transparent Reusable Zipper Retainers Flat Three Sealing Container, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
PA12 Resin Suppliers Glass Fiberpolyamide 12 Nylon Granules$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Grade Uns N08330 Stainless Steel Rod. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Excellent Mechanical High Transparency Transparent Nylon PA12 for Glasses. Moreover,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Bdll150s6571, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924), maintenance (Auto Engine Diesel Parts Fuel Injector Common Rail Nozzle Dlla162p2266), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,PA12 Transparent Polyamide with Anti-UV Granules), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.904L Uns N08904 SUS890L 1.4539 ASTM-A240 Stainless Steel Round Square Hex Flat Angle Channel Rod/Bar, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Hot Sale Five Star Hotel Standard Soaking Oval Shaped Size Whirlpool Bathtubs Standing Alone Acrylic Bathtub #S014. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1.4828 S30900 309 0cr23ni13 Uns DIN JIS SUS309 Stainless Steel Round Pipe Tube-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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USBM. 1987.Mini L18 Tws V5.0 Bluetooth Earphone True Wireless Earbuds HiFi Noise Cancellation Stereo Waterproof Headset Hands-Free Earpiece,L18 Wireless Bluetooth 5.0 Tws Stereo Earphone with Charging Box-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Single Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing with Filling Slot]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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