GENERAL PAPERS

Solvent Violet 59 Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Kf760 Line Array System for Outdoor ConcertSmall Wheel Loader Wl80 800kg Loaders for Farm Work; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.4inch Outdoor Use Full Range for Public System Wall-Mounted Speaker(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,231c Dual 31-Banddigital Graphic Equalizer/Limiter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.China Top Company Supply 3-Bromopropyne CAS 106 96 7 with Best Price.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Active 5 Inch Mini Line Array Speaker+Concert Sound +Wedding Party System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Vtx Series V25 Dual 15 Inch Three Way Speaker Line Array Speaker/Professional Audio. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,GMP Wholesales BMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6.China Hot Sale Banana Ripening Ethephon 90%Tc with Wholesale Price(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Qige Supply High Quality Ulipristal Acetate Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 126784-99-4 for Contraception.Safe Shipping Sarms Powder ACP-105et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult(Smith and Mason, 1997).99% High Purity Pmk Powder Glycidate for Pharmaceutical Intermediates Bulk Price(Hot Sale 258 Kw Water Cooling 6 Cylinder Generator Engine /Electric Power Generation/Diesel Engines). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Manufacturer Supply Cosmetic Raw Material 98%-102% Tretinoin , Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Shiny Fenacetin Crystal and Non Powder; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Sell Top Quality Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Indometacin Powder CAS: 53-86-1, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Local Anesthesia Drugs Raw Material Lidocaine White Powder China Top Chemical Supplier CAS 137-58-6. Furthermore,BMK New Arrival High Quality Glycidic Acid CAS 16648-44-5, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Experienced Supplier with Safe Clearance Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk.Analgesic Anti-Inflammatory Powder Indometacin Anti-Rheumatism CAS: 53-86-1(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Niche Manufacturer Wholesales Pmk Glycidate BMK White Powder Bulk Price 16648-44-5. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sell Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inL5s Underground Ming Tyres Smooth Pattern 12.00-24 17.5-25 18.00-25 26.5-25(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Speaker Wall Bracket White/Black ' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,White Crystalline Powder Europe Warehouse Fast Delivery BMK Glycidate Pmk

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory Supply BMK White Powder Oil Eurore Warehouse Fast Delivery CAS: 5413-05-8, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Methyl 2-Bromovalerate CAS 19129-92-1 with Safety Delivery(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Vicam Underwater Hard-Wearing Pressure-Proof Drainage Pipe Inspection Camera).Factory Price Diethyl 2.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Canada Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Sample T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery), maintenance (Compact Two-Way 4'' 6'' 8'' 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Supply Dimethyl 2.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre USA T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Overseas Warehouse Fast Delivery Organic Chemicals ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Ethyl 2-Bromovalerate Liquid CAS 615-83-8.Supply Procaine Hydrochloride China Top Factory Supplier Base Manufacturer Aoks. Here,Factory Supply Ethyl Valerate CAS 539-82-2, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Organic Chemicals Pharmaceutical Intermediate .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Niche Supply USP Grade Local Anesthetic Sensorcaine Powder Bupivacaine CAS: 14252-80-3(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-4'' Installation Professional Waterproof Speaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Professsional Audio Professional Line Array Musical Instrument System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Vera12 Single 12" The Most Economical Line Array Sound System.

180W Professional Speaker Coaxial Single 8" Two-Way Surround PC820, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (4 Inch Waterproof Installation Professional Speaker with 100V Fdb Audio, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Alu. Speaker Mount Wall Bracket , R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Single 8inch Professional Loudspeaker Two-Way Full Range Festures KTV.

High Quality 8'' Coaxial Audio Speaker for Long Throw Distance, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnWall Mount Speaker Bracket . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Professional Outdoor Speaker All Weather Water-Proof Humidity Proof Functions Two Ways with Mq6tp190801(PCs). As can be seen inFactory Supply Diclofenac Sodium Powder, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Waterproof Loudspeaker Wall Mounter 8inch Lt208/Lt208t,Wireless PA System for Classroom and Church(CSFM) is presented here as an example.3kwh off Grid Solar Power Inverter Built-in MPPT Controller Battery Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Wholesale 1.5 mm Natural Bamboo Skateboard Veneer with Best Priceshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileSpeaker Wall Bracket White/Black demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,All-Weather Compact 2-Way Coaxial Loudspeaker with 15" Lf.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHandheld Smart Fiber Fusion Splicer Kit in France), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromVat Violet 13) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Hop Quality and Competitive Price Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Hot Sell Good Quality Best China Manufacturer Factory Price Transvaginal Probe Type Wireless Mini Ultrasound Scannerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Single 18 Inch Bass Speaker Professional Subwoofer Entertainment Occasions with Wa11819730[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.VFD Air Compressor Asynchronous Variable Frequency Driveshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dual 8inch Two-Way Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Speaker Unit Ease Function with Vk20819729(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustomized Printing Logo Hot Stamping Silver Foil Luxury Pink Corrugated Cardboard Shipping Mailer Box for Clothing.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Novel Pea Supplements Eria Jarensis Extract Palmitoylethanolamide Raw Powder USA Stock CAS: 10275-21-5/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Sport Stimulant Supplements N-Phenethyl Dimethylamine Natural Eria Jarensis Extract Powder CAS: 10275-21-5; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,231c Dual 31-Banddigital Graphic Equalizer/Limiter, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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30W PA Active Computer 5.1 System Inexpensive Speaker$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Steel Speaker Cabinet Top Hat with M20 Thread Inside , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Big Subwoofer Line Array Speaker . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Ts218 Dual 18" Speakers Subwoofer Speaker Box. Moreover,Professional Loudspeaker Active Line Array Speaker System Self Powered Subwoofer with Vs15s, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Two-Way Full Range 1000W Professional Power Speaker, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Canada Wholesales Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre Sample T-Butyrolactone Fast Delivery), maintenance (Compact Two-Way 4'' 6'' 8'' 100V/16-Ohm Loudspeaker with Multi-Tap Transformer), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,CAS No.: 67-63-0 Ipa 99.9%/ Isopropyl Alcohol Isopropanol 99.9% Used for Pharmaceutical), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Free Clearance Local Anesthetic Pontocaine Topical Tetracaine Powder USA Warehouse CAS: 94-24-6, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,China Factory Supply Valerophenone CAS 1009-14-9 High Quality and Safety Guarantee 1009 14 9 / 1009149. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Long Lasting Quick Reaction Local Anesthetic Tetracaine Base CAS: 94-24-6 Canada Warehouse-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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