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11 Inch 3.50-5 Tubeless Agricultural Tire for Tractors
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Living Room Lounge Furniture Sofa Fabric 3 Seater CouchCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Pneumatic Electric Portable Truck Car Frame Beam Metal Coding Machine Marking CoderSuper Quality and Best Price Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N21%; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.50W LED Bulb Marking(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Airbag Warning Labels.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
WiFi Wireless Ultrasound Linear Color Doppler USB 192 Elements Probe, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Customized Automobile Automotive Vehicle Parts Electric Drive and Motor Shaft. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Original Quality Motorcycle Parts Spark Plug Cap for Gy6 125.30W Bird Rings Machine Laser Marker with Rotation Working Table(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Mini Handle Electric DOT Peen Marking Machine.Full Digital Handheld Ultrasound Scanner with Wireless Probe & Ultrasonic Mslpu40et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Customized Metal Tea Canister Food Packaging Box Round Can Tin(Smith and Mason, 1997).Pin Machine Suppliers Marker Systems(Police Motorcycle 250cc). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)USB&WiFi Ultrasound Convex Linear Probe for Ios/Android/Windows Device, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).1L Rectangular Olive Oil Tin 1800ml Packaging with Imported Plastic Spout Guangdong; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,1L Metal Resealable Selable Paint Tin Cans for Glue and Chemical Use, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.4u 16 in 1 Agile CATV RF Modulator Channels. Furthermore,Thinner Plain Color 1L Metal Can with Screw Cap, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Customized 1L Round Empty Metal Oil Paint Package Tin/Can Container.HDPE Pesticide Bottle 500ml 1L Foliar Fertilizer Plastic(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Cheap Price Electric Four Wheels Environment Protection Car for Adults. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Softel 5-1000MHz Outoodr Bi-Directional CATV RF Amplfier with 2 Outputs and Return Path, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inPendoo X10 Max Android 4K Smart Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott 2GB 16GB IPTV 4G 64G RAM ROM TV Box(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Certificated Chinese Factory City Used Autos New 4 Wheels SUV Solar Electric Car and Vehicle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solar Energy System 3kwh Power Home Built in Inverter
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality 3kwh Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Battery, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Automatic Thermostatic Vulcanizer for Sale (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (3 Axle 60 Ton Full Dump Tipper Trailer with Drawbar).BMW N63 S63 Camshaft Alignment Tool Set .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts), maintenance (2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Motorcycle Scooter Rear Clutch Assembly for Gy6 -90 Engines.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Motorcycle Parts Speed Cable for Gy6 -150) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Powder Metallurgy Hot Press Sintering Furnace) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorcycle Part Carburetor Cg125/Cg150/Jialing125/Jh125L/FT150/ Gy6 -125/CS125/Ds125/Ds150/FT125/150/Chopper /GS150/Gya-200 / Italika Tx-200.Cheap Popular Pattern 3.00-18 Motorcycle Tyre. Here,Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure Sensor, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-300cc Triciclo Con Cabina.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Three Wheel Trolley Tube Type Tire 90/90-18(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High accuracy stability Monocrystalline Silicon Pressure Transmitter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Discount High Strength 90/90-19 Motorcycle Tyre/Tire. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)New Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire.
Tire Brands to Avoid 2.50- 17 Solid Tire., the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (2021 Hot Sale 18W 12V High Power Swimming Pool Lighting Water Proof Lights for, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Lashes 3D Wholesale Vendor Full Strip False Eyelashes 20mm, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 Hot Sale Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip.
Chinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike , analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn3.00- 17 Super High Quality Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tire.. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment(CSFM) is presented here as an example.High Precision and Fast Speed Nonmetal CO2 Laser Marking Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificateshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWholesale 90cc 110cc 125cc 150cc off Road Gasoline Go Cartdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Efficiency Tractor Mounted Cutting Machine Bx42r Chipper Shredder), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Professional Loudspeaker 10'' PRO Audio Speaker Passive Line Array Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inHigh Production Capacity Automatic Hydraulic Concrete Block Making Machine.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for PVC/ Plastic/ Stainless Steel/ Silicon, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi . Moreover,Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Gy6 -125 Spark Plug Cap OEM Quality Motorcycle Parts), maintenance (2021 High Quality Marine 1400W Hybrid Power Inverter Solar System Portable with 3kwh Lithium Battery), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Mini Nameplate Pneumatic Engraving Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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