GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality Cheap Custom Logo Printing Round Metal Cans with Lids(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Hot Sale Factory Direct Colorful Electric Motorcycle for Passenger Made in China.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Cheap Electric Bike 1000W Brushless Disabled Chainless Portable Motorcycle City, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer Lid. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 150HP.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 125HP(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 160HP.Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 60HPet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pendoo X10 Max Android 4K Smart Set Top Set-Top 4GB 64GB Firmware Ott 2GB 16GB IPTV 4G 64G RAM ROM TV Box(Smith and Mason, 1997).Frequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP(12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Frequency Converter 75HP Three Phases, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Sell for European Countries 48V 20ah Lithium Battery Fast Food Delivery Electric Motorcycle; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,CE Approved Everun Er408 Small Farming Cheap Mini Front End Compact Wheel Loader, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. Furthermore,Frequency Converter 50HP Three Phases, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale.3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrequency Converter 60Hz 50Hz 75HP(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Double Sided Crystal Glass Nail File Durable Manicure Polish Art Tools NF7055).Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard), maintenance (Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yard) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin.Bulk Fashion Smart Electric Scooter 60V800W20ah. Here,962 Complete Solar System 40kw on Grid Home with High Quality, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-off Grid 20kw Solar System 20 Kw Panel Kit.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Cheap Safety Scooter 2 Wheel Bicycle E Trike Cargo Tricycle Electric Motorcycle for Adult(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Rosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter.

498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneer.

Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHigh Grade Block Board for Furniture Produce. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(PCs). As can be seen inSolar Residential Wall Power Bank 3kwh LiFePO4 Rechargeablelithium Battery, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Full Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileShrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOdor Proof Zipper Bags with Carbon Lining), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLow Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Oil Treatment Packaging Tin Container Can[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cheap 500W Professional Audio Speakers Dual 15 Inch Speaker shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inMaking Wire or Cable Drawing Die PCD Ploycrystalline Diamond Dies.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Can; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Factory 18L Wholesale Large Square Aluminium Tin Can with Screw Top Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.2021 New Removable Battery 350W Motor Scooter Electric Motorcycle for Adult, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging. Moreover,1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Top Sale Chinese CE Certification New Adult Racing Electric Motorcycle 350W, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard), maintenance (Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.0.8t 800kg Small Loader-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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