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Automatic Form Fill Seal Liquid Zipper Doypack Stand up Pouch Ffs Packing Machine
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High Quality Diesel Engine Parts 4 Cyl Pump Rotor Head 096400-0371Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Dpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-010'' Red Steel Woofer; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Free Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline.Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Food Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality.Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Outdoor Dual 10 " Three Way Line Array Professional Audio Speaker System(Smith and Mason, 1997).99% Purity 1(1L Tin Can for Oil). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price. Furthermore,3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China.High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.N. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inClothes /Cosmetics Plastic Packaging PP Bags PEVA/OPP/ CPE/ Pvf Shoes Shirt Storage Stock Self Heat Sealing(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Powered Speaker System for Home Theater, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Good Price Waterproof Anti Slip Indoor Lvt PVC Click WPC Flooring).320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol), maintenance (Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%.Compact Neodymium Line Array 12inch 400W Passive Speaker PA System. Here,Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basket, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Outdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)12" Line Array Loud Speaker Sound System Professional PA.
15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Rasagiline Mesylate API Powder CAS 161735- 79 -1 with Purity! !.
Spts, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnHigh Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array(PCs). As can be seen inWall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Control, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array,PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address(CSFM) is presented here as an example.J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio Systemillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Purity 9-Hydroxyfluorene CAS 1689-64-1 with Good Price in Stockdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inEco-Friendly Adhesive Nylon Waterproof Reusable Hook and Loop 1inch with Super Sticky Glue in DOT Square), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromLow Power Elevator Inverter 12kw with Controller) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warrantydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Cummins diesel engine 4918416 inline 5 diagnostic tool datalink adaptershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDisposable 3ply Medical Face Mask with En14683 Type Iir Surgical on Exporting White List.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Manufacturer Supply CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70% 99% Cosmetic Grade. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Q210 Passive PA Speaker System. Moreover,Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredient, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Professional 24 Channels Digital Audio Mixer Console, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol), maintenance (Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,100% Natural Huperzia Serrata Extract 1% 5% 99% Huperzine a Brown Powder Supplements), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Skin Care Raw Material Vitamin a Palmitate Powder, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Lf Drivers 10 Inches Professional Speaker Pw1032-64. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.12" Loudspeaker as Monitor Speaker System 12 Inch Powerful Coaxial-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06.V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater.Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box, Montreal. 319 pp. [Disperse Violet 26 Dyes]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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