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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
A+ grade LCD wall panel surveillance high brightness screenCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Line Array Speaker Professional PA System Two Way Full Rang Passive Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Pyridinecas Number 110//86//1 Used as Chemical Reagent(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.P-Toluenesulfinic Acid Sodium Salt Hydrate .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent Bis , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Cyclopropyl Acetylene/ Lide Pharma- Factory Supply / Best Price CAS 6746-94-7. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,CAS: 13463-67-7 Titanium Dioxide Powder.Nutrition Food Grade Dl-Pyroglutamic Acid Pure L-Pyroglutamic(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Factory Supply 99% Dexketoprofen Trometamol Powder.10W Wall Mount Speaker with Transformer 8 Ohm 100V Bluetooth et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale(Smith and Mason, 1997).Karaoke Wireless Portable Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker Box(LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Feiyang New Hot Selling Trolley Speaker Fg210-06, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).V-Sub 18" PA Audio Cardioid Subwoofer Speaker for Home Theater; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PRO Audio PA System Digital Mixer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Food Grade L-Arginine with Best Price. Furthermore,J8 Dual 12'' Line Array PA Speaker Professional Stage Audio System, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-10 " 12"15"18" PA Speakers Loudspeaker Cabinet/Enclosure.Wild Bee Venom Extract Melittin 99% Powder for Skin Care(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Supply High Quality Glycolic Acid Powder for Skin Whiting CAS 79 -14-1. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Retinoic Acid CAS 302- 79 -4 in Stock, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in46''55''65''75'' High Quality Double Sided LCD Touch Screen Monitor Bus Shelter Advertising Media Player(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Plastic Clear White Stand-up Drinking Liquid Spout Food Packaging Bag' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wholesale Factory Price High Quality Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate of Cws 250iu/G
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,KTV 10 Inch Speaker Box with Good Sound, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),10 Inch Powered Line Array Speaker Active(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Customize Advertising LED Neon Sign Acrylic Letters).Hot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speaker.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System), maintenance (60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Manufacturer Supply 1.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Dual 10inch PA Audio Line Array Speaker Box System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Dual 10 " 600W Line Array PA Professional Speaker ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.10 " Dia Cast Aluminum Professional Subwoofer Basket.Food Packaging Vacuum Pouch. Here,Good Quality Sulbactam/Sulbactam Acid 68373-14-8 with Low Price and Fast Delivery, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-L-Arginine 99%.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Factory Price CAS 702- 79 -4 1(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-CPP High Temperature Vacuum Retort Pouch) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Factory Direct Semi-Synthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotic Pharmaceutical Raw Material Dalbavancin . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Temperature 3 Side Seal Retort Pouch for Corn.
R-3-Amino-1-N-Boc-Piperidine, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Mylar Barrier Exit Waterproof Cr Bag, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Stand-up Ziplock Dried Food Packaging Vacuum Plastic Container.
High Quality Laminated Food Grade Roll Film, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnD&B Style Dual 10 Inch Compact Line Array . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Safety Shape Bag /Food Packaging Contact Plastic Container for Resealable(PCs). As can be seen inLevamisole HCl / Hydrochloride Anthelmintic Agent Raw CAS 16595-80-5, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Family Usage Embossed Vacuum Bags for Food,Matte Black Food Packaging Stand-up Pouch Aluminum Foil Bag(CSFM) is presented here as an example.300cc Gas Aluminum Adult Tricycle Reverse Truck Cargo illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pumpshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Snsck Food Bag Fried Flat Bottom Box Pouch with Zipper.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSteel material SAE1045 SAE1080 high carbon steel plate), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from25KW Ground Mini loader price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.10 " Woofer with 3" Voice Coil. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Retinol Palmitate/Vitamin a Palmitate Oil as Food Ingredientdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Lf Drivers 10 Inches 50-4000 Response Martin Audio Speaker Pw1026-64[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatusshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dual 10 Inch Line Array Speaker for Theater (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inQt10-15 Cement Ventilation Brick Block Making Machine.
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Cost model for variable-Lf Driver 10 Inches 64mm Glass Fiber Coil Professional Speaker
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dual 10 Inch Line Array for Church /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.15 Inch/12 Inch/ 10 Inch/8 Inch Full Range Speaker Box ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Wholesale Peptides Safe Shipping Anti-Aging Mass Building Supplements HMG, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Q1 Dual 10 " Line Array System$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.D&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)New Tw Audio Vera36 Dual 10 " Line Array Speaker System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Line Array Vtx V20 Dual 10 Inch Three Way Speaker. Moreover,Dual 10 " Compact Professional Line Array , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Custom Kraft Paper Flexible Food Packaging Flat Bottom Bag-100gr, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Dual 10 Inch Line Aray Powered Active Sound System), maintenance (60W 10 " Portable HP5 Series Trolley Speaker with 2 UHF Mics), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Custom Water Proof Child Resistant Food Grade Plastic Aluminum Laminated Stand up Container Bag), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sale Vacuum Bag Nylon Material for Agricultural Products, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Buy 99% Retinoic Acid Powder Vitamin a Tretinoin Retinol for Cosmetic. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Bio-Degradable Brown Kraft Food Packaging Bag-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
References
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Lf Driver 10 Inches 63.5mm Kapton Coil Professional Speaker .USP Diclofenac Sodium Powder Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 15307- 79 -6 Anti Inflammatory.Click 2021 Hot CAS 85-27-8 Symwhite Phenylethyl Resorcinol Made in China, Montreal. 265 pp. [Dust Proof Steel Shackle Padlocks with Master Key]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Cosmetic Raw High Purity CAS 79 -81-2 Vitamin a Palmitate Powder.10'' Inch Ferrite Woofer.Click 2021 Hot CAS 85-27-8 Symwhite Phenylethyl Resorcinol Made in China, Montreal. 319 pp. [High Purity 99% Oxalyl Chloride with Good Quality]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.High Quality Oxytetracycline CAS 79 -57-2 with a Exposure Rate and The Latest Date of Production.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [2HP Frequency Converter Vector Single Phase]
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ISO Certified 100% Natural L-Arginine Powder, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms " Line Array Church Sound Equipment.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2]
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USBM. 1987.10 Inch Coaxial Speaker Professional Driver 250wrms Line Array,Professional Dual 10 " 3-Way Tri-AMP Line Array Speaker-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Super-Antiskid Modern Style Stone Vinyl Plank Click Flooring 5mm for Bedroom]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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