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UAE National Day Souvenir Metal Trophy with Wooden Stand
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV BoxCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless MicrophoneChina Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Dare 10inch Passive Line Array Sound System(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Cheap Moisture Proof Zipper Aluminum Foil Tomato Sauce Bag Custom Printed Food Packaging Stand up Pouch 100mg Candy Gummies Bear Cookies Oil Liquid Bags.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
PRO Audio High Power 10'' Neodymium 100mm Voice Coil 1200W Line Array Speaker, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Heat Seal Candy Snack Food Packaging Ny PE Pet Custom Plastic Stand up Pouch Doypack Free Design Rice Bottle Smell Proof Soft Touch Aluminum Vitamin Cookie Bag. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Chemical Product Antioxidant Irganox 1076 CAS 2082- 79 -3.Manufacturer Supply 1(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Single 10 Inch Top Line Array Passive Audio Speaker PA System Suited to 500-1500 People.99% Glycolic Acid Powder CAS 79 -14-1et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed(Smith and Mason, 1997).5f-Pcn CAS No. 1445579- 79 -2 in Stock(Dual 10 Inch Indoor and Outdoor Stage Passive/Active Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Ortho Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8 O-Phthalaldehyde, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Supply 99% Purity 3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Plastic Pouch, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Line Array 10'' Neodymiun PRO Audio Woofer. Furthermore,Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 160sn529, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-CAS: 702- 79 -4; 1.Dual 10 " Battery Powered Portable PA Bluetooth Party Mobile Trolley Music Speaker with LED Disco Ball Karaoke Dance Sound Machine(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Professional Audio Speaker Dual 10 Inch 3 Way Line Array System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Loudspeaker 10'' Midrange & Bass, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCustom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Line Array Vr10' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Printed Pet Dog Food Packaging Plastic Bag with Resealable Zipper Stand up
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,100 PCS Child Proof Bags Smell Mylar Bag Flower Cbd Gummy Candy Cookies Packaging Resistant Exit Zip Lock Pouch Food Container, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Custom 1g 3.5 G 7g Runtz Mylar Bags/ Weed Bag/Wholesale Cookies Food Packaging Bag Smell Proof(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (2021 Wholesale Good Quality Three-Layer Mask China Supplier).Professional Stage Line Array System Dual 10'' Speaker.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed), maintenance (Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,PRO Audio Speaker Dual 10 " Line Array.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (10 " PRO Audio Line Array Speaker System) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (PRO Audio 10'' Ferrite Woofer Speaker) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Multi-Function 10 " Passive Full Range DJ Stage Speaker System.Custom Printing Food Packaging Plastic Bags with Resealable Zipper. Here,10 Inch HiFi Full Frequency PA Series Power Amplifier Professional Karaoke Stage Performance Trolley Battery Active Speaker with Multimedia Wireless Bluetooth, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Karaoke Speaker 10'' Ferrite KTV Loudspeaker Portable for System..
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.100 PCS High Quality Resealable Hair Top Wig Clear Transparent Ziplock Bag Plastic Food Packaging for Oil(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-8 Sides Sealed Aluminum Foil Bag Thickened Dog Food Packaging Tea Stand up Plastic Mylar Heat /Air/Water Resistant Container) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Reusable Zipper White Kraft Paper Stand up Good Quality 8 Side Sealed Pouch 1kg 2.5kg Coffee Bag with Valve Aluminum Foil Mylar Plastic Food Packaging. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Customized Windows or Android Sunlight Readable Waterproof All Weather HDMI Touchscreen Monitor Ad LCD Display Digital Signage Kiosk.
Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Plastic Exit Storage Weed Hemp Cigar Container, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Custom Cat Food Bags, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Buy Sugammadex Sodium CAS 343306- 79 -6 From Manufacturer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Laminated Pet Food Packing Bag Plastic Clothes Package Metallized Stand up Zipper Mylar Transparent Clear Pouch Heat Resistant.
Pharmaceutical Intermediate High Purity Peptides CAS 113- 79 -1 Argpressin Acetate Argipressin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnFactory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Anti-Aging and Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Grade PRO-Xylane CAS-439685- 79 -7(PCs). As can be seen in10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Speaker System High Power H3shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHo-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Pharmaceutical Grade Raw Powder 99% Purity Medrogestone 977- 79 -7.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inStandard Parts Die), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromYangtze 100kw Grid Tied Portable Solar System Camping Component) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Lanosterol 79 -63-0 . The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality Opa O-Phthalaldehyde with Best Pricedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Seaweed Iodine Factory Price Wholesale 99% with Chemical CAS/ 68333- 79 -9[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L Printed Round Metal Paint Tin Can with Lidshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.99% Purity Local Cinchocaine Powder Dibucaine CAS 85- 79 -0 Price(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPolyester School Backpack Waterproof Outdoor Schoolbag Studetns.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Hot Sale Dual 10 " Speaker PRO Audio /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.GMP Standard Pharmaceutical Intermediates Raw Powder CAS 102518- 79 -6 Huperzine a with Best Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbag, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Plastic Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Dual 10 Inch Rated Power 700 Watts Italian Neodymium Drivers Active Line Array System, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch. Moreover,OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Custom Printed Mylar Ziplock Bag Garrison Lane Food Packaging Biker Og Weed), maintenance (Free Design Artwork Weed Bags 3.5g 7g 14G 28g Hemp Cbd Food Packaging Container Bag), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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References
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Khalesi, M. R., Zarei, M. J.,Dual 10 " Outdoor Multimedia Sound Machine Home Theater Bluetooth Karaoke Party PA Disco DJ Ball High Power Audio Trolley Active Speaker with Wireless Microphone, A. R., Khoshnam, F., and Chegeni, M. H. 2015. Development of a techno-Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker.Minerals Engineering,vol. 81. pp. 103-108. [Solar Energy System 5kw Panel Home Grid Tied Power]
Kim, G.H., An, S.H., and Kang, K.I. 2004.Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic, neural networks, and case-based reasoning.Building and Environment,vol. 39, no. 10. pp. 1235-1242. [100W Full Enclosed Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Safe Cover]
Lashgari, A.Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array, A.R. 2013.Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper,Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container,vol. 23. pp. 441-446. [Photo Booth Kiosk 21.5 Inch Floor Stand with Android Single Advertising Signs Download Ad Player Wall Mount Tablet]
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Mular, A.L. 1982.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder.V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub, Montreal. 265 pp. [Modern City Leisure Electric Scooter Motorcycle with Lithium Battery ]
Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Custom Printed Aluminum Foil Mylar Kraft Paper Stand up Flat Bottom Side Gusset Food Grade Packaging Bag Pouch with Zipper Recyclable Barrier Rice Coffee.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Mylar Chocolate.Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub, Montreal. 319 pp. [EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc]
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Noakes, M. and Lanz, T. 1993.Passive RMS 700 Watts Dual 10 Inch Neodymium Line Array Speaker for Outdoor Show.Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array, Carlton, victoria. 412 pp. [Glossy & Matte Plastic Flat Bag Three Side Sealing Aluminum Foil with Tear Notch &Ziplock Silver Food Packaging Pouch for Food&Hemp&Tea Smell Resistant]
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USBM. 1987.LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher,Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp. [Professional Manufacturer Outdoor Playground]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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