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Softel 24 Channel Optional RF Fixed Analog ModulatorCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Wholesales Organic Intermediate 1Double 6inch Powered Line Array Speaker; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Sell(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Outdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PA.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Professional Speaker with Laser Light , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,XL-GF15 15-Inch 400W-800W Two-Way Two-Unit Full Frequency Professional Stage Equipment Speaker. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Professional Multifunction Active Stage Speaker Wood Bt with Laser Lights.L-812 Dual 12-Inch 2-Way 4-Unit Full Frequency Line Array Speaker(Khalesiet al.,2015).

100% Safe Arriving Australia GB-B L 1.4 Butanediol Bdo 110-63-4.High Purity Levamisole Manufacturer CAS 14769-73-4 with Best Priceet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box(Smith and Mason, 1997).Free Sample Organic Chemicals 1(Fat Boy Bean Bag Cover for Sports). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality Phena, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Manufacturer Supply Raw Material Levamisole Powder CAS 14769-73-4; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,18" Fane Style Aluminum Speaker Frame, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.18" Die Cast P-Auido Style Aluminum Frame. Furthermore,Professional Stage Active Line Array Speaker with DSP, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Single 18" Subwoofer Speaker Box.Wholesales Veterinary Drugs Tiletamine HCl 14176-50-2 USA Warehouse(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.12" Professional Rcf Style Speaker Frame. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Horn Professional Speaker H3, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLat210A Srx700 Series PA Sound System Professional Speakers(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Coaxial Loudspeaker TD12' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Professional Speaker Box F12+

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Df B&C Trees Speaker Subwoofer Audio Professional, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),15'' Coaxial Speaker (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl 95%Tc).Customs Guaranteed 1.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6), maintenance (Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Manufacturer Supply Bdo Novel Intermediate 1.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Tetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (99% Pain Reliever Local Anesthetic Powder Tetracaine CAS 94-24-6) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.China Factoty Supply Levamisole HCl CAS16595-80-5 Hydrochloride Tetramisole.400 Watt Portable Music Player Speaker Professional Audio. Here,Dual 6inch Loudspeaker for Coffee Room Restaurant Conference Speakers, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Dm 15 Inch PA Full Sound Systems Professional PRO Speaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.12inch KTV Bar PA Full Sound Speaker System Audio(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Dare Dual 8" Neodymium Active Line Array Set PA System) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,12" Die Cast Aluminum PA Speaker Frame. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)PA Speaker Dual 18" Subwoofer System.

PA Speaker with Line Array Tweeter Horn , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Active Mini Line Array Speaker with DSP Amplifier Module, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

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whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Karaoke Loudspeaker with B&C Compression Driver.

99% Tetracaine Hydrochloride/ HCl Powder CAS 136-47-0, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFactory Supply BMK Powder Glycidate CAS: 5413-05-8. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenone(PCs). As can be seen inHigh Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Carb Grade 18mm Commercial Plywoodshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140s6655demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Bulk Stock Pmk Intermediates BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTransparent Clear Glass Jar 150ml), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPendoo X10 Max International Best Custom Set Top Box 4GB 32GB TV Converter Ott 4K Smart Android) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.99% 4'-Hydroxyacetophenone CAS 99-93-4 100% Pass Customs. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery System Energy Powerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,62442 Shiny and Non Phena Powder 62 44 2[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Quilted Fabric Sofa Couch Bed Set Armchear Furnitureshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Quality Guaranteed BMK White Powder CAS: 16648-44-5 Glycidate(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inWholesale Price Shenzhen Manufacturer Chips LED Strip.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].100% Passing The Customs Europe Free Shipping BMK Glycidate 16648-44-5/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Trolley Large Audio Loudspeaker Box Professional Stage Active PA Speaker; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Live/Installed Sound System PRO Speaker Box , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Pharmaceutical Chemical CAS 236117-38-7$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Speaker 12 Inch SA-212 Professional Sound Box Portable Passive, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Speaker Tcx- 10. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15. Moreover,Passive Double 10 Inch Proal Audios Sound System Line Array Speakers for Direct Sale, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Dual 10inch Professional PRO Audio Speaker System, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Factory Supply Ethylmagnesium Bromide CAS 925-90-6), maintenance (Ltk One 12" Woofers and 3" Driver Compact Coaxial Line Array Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,10 " PRO Audio DJ Line Array Speaker Equipment System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powder, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Buy Real Pharmaceutical Intermediates BMK Glycidate Powder 16648-44-5. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.10 " PRO Sound PA Line Array Loudspeaker Audio Speaker System-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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