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High Resolution P3 LED Video Wall Indoor Display Advertising Screen
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power GeneratorCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Wholesale Adult Tricycle Price Adults Tuk Motorcycle in IndiaPRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Sporty 500W/ 800W /1000W(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ho-500 Ce Approved High Quality Eye Diagnosis System Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Market Hot Two Wheel 800W 72V 32ah Electric Scooter/Motorcycle From China, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Vimode 2021 New Trend 800W 1000W 1500W China Adult Electric Motorcycle Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Police Motorcycle 250cc.125cc Scooter EEC Popular Motor Alex(Khalesiet al.,2015).
250cc Three Wheel Cargo Motor Tricycle .Motorbicycle with Stable Wheelset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Panel Antenna (Smith and Mason, 1997).2021 60km/H Electric/Pull Starting System 4 Stroke 150cc Adult Gasolina Gokart Kart Racing Go for Sale Cheap(PE Waterproof Roll Extrusion Machine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Scooter with Stable Function and Nice Outside Looking, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Motorcyle for Both Oil and Water Cooling; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,150cc China Gas Motor Cargo Trike for Sale , the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Sw-1000p Ophthalmic Pachymeter. Furthermore,Moped Motorbike Scooter Dirt Street Bike Gas 50cc 125cc Petrol Motor Gasoline Cub EEC & Coc 2 Wheel Racing Motorcycle F66 , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-24 Modules Fixed Head End CATV Modulator.860MHz Two Way Amplifier (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5GHz 30dBi Mimo Dish Antennas, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFrame Quadrant Glass Curved Shower Cubicle for Sale Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Factory Supplier Ophthalmic Equipment Ab Scan' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Best Price Sab-500 Ophtalmic Ab Scan, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Portable Full Digital Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner Mslmd25(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Protective Surgical Medical Face Mask).Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Pack 36V 10ah Lithium Ion Bottle/Dolphin Ebike 18650.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use), maintenance (Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Jaguar Xe/Xf/Xj/E-Pace/F-Pace/F-Type.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Ophthalmic Equipment Biometer Scan a) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (0-20dB 75 Ohm CATV Variable Adjustable Attenuator Equalizer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.860MHz CATV One Way Amplifiers.CATV Mini Line Extending 2-Way Amplifer. Here,20MHz Probe Ophthalmology Ultrasound MD-2300S, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-860MHz Two Way Amplifier .
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Safe 24V 48V 50ah 100ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Pack with Deep Cycle(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Ophthalmic a Scan Portable Handheld Biometer) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Ebike Battery Pack Li-ion 36V 10ah Lithium for Electric Scooter with Long Cycle Life. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Allsparkpower Solar 48V 5kw Inverter 10kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery Storage for Home Power System.
500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTV, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (10kw Cheap Solar Panels Complete Grid Tied System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
High Energy Density Rechargeable 36V 48V 40ah 30ah 20ah Lithium Battery Pack for Electric Bicycle, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Home Solar Energy Storage System 3.2V Battery Bank LiFePO4 100ah 50ah 20ah 10ah Lithium Pack.
1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnExcellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger(PCs). As can be seen in10inch Professional Karaoke Speaker for Luxury Room, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while3293 Fast Rose Lake B Pigment demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAuto Four Wheel Alignment), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCustom Zip Bag Plastic Stand-up Pouch Sweet Child Proof) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Printed Food Pasta Packaging Manufacture Stand up Pouch Candy Bags Custom Logo Matte Plastic Smell Proof Cookies Nut Vegetable Powder Color Recyclable Beanbagdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collectorshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFactory Custom Logo Poly Mailers Shipping Envelope Plastic Self Sealing Bag.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty. Moreover,50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (80kw Grid Tied Solar System for Commercial or Industrial Use), maintenance (Ho-500 High Quality Ophthalmic Ultrasound Eye Diagnosis System), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet.Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip, Montreal. 319 pp. [Diesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China]
Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575. [Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Device]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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