GENERAL PAPERS

China Jwell PVC Dual/Four Pipe High Speed Extrusion Equipment C-PVC/U-PVC/PVC-O Making MachineCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Factory Direct Wholesale 300- 17 Motorcycle Tire/TyreD&B Style Dual 10 " Compact Line Array ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.ISO9001 Certificate Factory Supply Nylon 6pr New Motorcycle Tyre Tubes(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Mobile Digital High Frequency Mini Induction Brazing Welder for Aluminum Tube Pipe.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Quality Radio Frequency Aesthetic Equipment, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Good Quality 2.75- 17 Tubeless Motorcycle Tire/Tyre. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2.50- 17 .Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Magnetic Switch Assy Starter Relay for Cg125 Bros Nxr Honda Suzuki Akt 125 Akt110 Bws100 Gy6 Italika Kintaro YAMAHA Haojue(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Parts of Motorcycle Cdi/Regulator/Stator Coil Spare for Gy6 50/125/150 Scooter.Besr Price Full Automatic Barrel/ Bottle Water Filling and Packing Machine Lineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price(Smith and Mason, 1997).Medical Machine / Multipolar RF Facial Beauty(Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Made in China High Performance Tubeless Fat Motorcycle Tire 180/55- 17, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Good Packed Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Machine China; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,ISO9001 Certified Factory Price China Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.25kw High Frequency Induction Heater for Bolts&Rivet. Furthermore,Fractional RF Vacuum Slimming Machine for Lose Weight, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Online Flying Laser Marking Machine for Operation Line.Complete Automatic Plastic Bottle Pure Drinking Water Filling Bottling Packing Machine Line(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Portable 20Hz RF Face Lift Machine. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (ISO9001 Motorcycle Spare Part Tubeless Motorcross Tire Size 100/90- 17, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;DOT Certified off Road Chinese Motorcycle Tire 3.00- 17' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Super Bright Outdoor 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W LED Flood Light

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,10pack/M Automatic PE Film Combine Heat Shrink Wrapping Bottle Packing Wrapper Machine, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Beverage Water Packing Equipment (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (375kVA/300kw Power Generator Set Industry Use Diesel Engine Genset).Automatic Shrink Wrapping Machine 0-20package/Min.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine ), maintenance (Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,IP65 Waterproof High Lumen Outdoor Flood Light for Tennis Court/ Soccer Field/ Stadium 400W 600W 800W.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Waterproof 800W Deformable High Mast Flood LED Lighting for Outdoor Stadium Airport Golf Course Container Wharf) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1L HDPE Plastic Bottle Chemical) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Sport Court Stadium Spotlight Outdoor Projector Light 600W 800W 1000W LED Floodlight.Waterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting. Here,Waterproof IP66 Adjustable High Power LED Stadium Lamp 100W 200W 300W 400W 600W 800W 1000W 1200W 1500W Flood Light, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality 1L 32oz Amber Glass Bottle in Stock.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Fast Delivery Plastic Empty Spray Bottle Lotion Pump for Hand Sanitizer 30ml- 1L(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone Gasket) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids.

300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle.

Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnFactory Outlet Dog Tag Laser Marking Machine for Metal 50W. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).1500cc Watercraft with 3seat(PCs). As can be seen inWholesale Top Quality Retinoic Acid/Retinoic Acid Powder/Tretinoin Powder/Vitamin a CAS 302- 79 -4, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.1L Custom Round Small Metal Empty Tin Cans with Lidsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileKomatsu Boom Cyl Ket for PC400-6demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,WiFi Control Warm White 12V RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in40cm Rose Dog Wedding Valentine Gift Lovely for Girlfriend), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromSMD3014/2835 AC/DC Underwater LED Swimming Pool Light) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Automatic Red Point Laser Marking Machine for Metal Aluminum Plastic. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Made in China Strong Compact Mini Front Loader demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Wholesale Round Food Packaging Empty Tin Metal Cooking Oil Cansshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Green Color LED Underwater Swimming Light(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 Opt Shr Equipment IPL Hair Removal Beauty Salon.

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Cost model for variable-IP68 8W-35W Surface Mounted Blue Color LED Underwater Swimming Light

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Handheld Small Portable Digital High Frequency Induction Brazing Machine with Soft Cable, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Light, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17. Moreover,DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Automatic Bottle PE Film Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine ), maintenance (Photovoltatic 1000V Solar Distribution Box PV Array 24 String DC Combiner AC Switching), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike ), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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