GENERAL PAPERS

Modern FurnitureCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Chinese Diesel Three Wheel Tricycle with SunshadeChina Supplier Ammonium Sulphate Compound Fertilizer; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.One and Half Rows Three Wheeler for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300cc, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Adult 800W Power Electric Scooter Suit for Woman.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

800W Electric Motorbike with Front Disc Brake, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Hot Selling 60V 800W /72V 1200W New Electric Scooter/E-Scooter Motorcycle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,dB002e Hot Sell Electric Motorcycle 800W and Kids 500W with Ce for.350W/500W/ 800W /1000W/1200W Motor Electric Scooter EW-519 Classis Model(Khalesiet al.,2015).

800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycle.New Energy Pedal Electric Scooter Max Speed 35km/H 350W 500W 800W Motor Poweret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for Loaders(Smith and Mason, 1997).5GHz 30dBi Grid Parabolic Antenna (Supply Rubber Accelerator Mbt 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole CAS No.: 149-30-4). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)5GHz Dish Parabolic Antenna 29dBi, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).2.4/ 5GHz Dual Band H-Pol Sector Antenna; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Electric Dirt Bike Zm-Es18 with 500W- 800W Motor, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5GHz 20dBi Enclosure WLAN Antenna. Furthermore,5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector Antenna, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-5GHz 23dBi Enclosure WiFi Antenna.5GHz Dual Pol Sector Antenna with Enclosure (SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.5GHz 34dBi Dish WLAN Antenna. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarization Sector WiFi Antenna, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inRosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Light' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Quality Switch Control 12V 18W Nichless Flat Wall Mounted Resin Filled LED Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Quality 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Mini Wheel Loader Er08 with Hydrostatic Transmission System for Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Christmas Santa Claus).30kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home Popular in Philippines.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper), maintenance (IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,50cc 150cc 200CCC 300cc Adult EPA/Ce 3 Wheel Gas Scooter.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (150ml Plastic Clear White Bullet Liquid Bottle for Cosmetic Industry) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.14" to 22' Inch Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheel for KIA Rims.Electric Three Wheel Motorcycle Transaxle Cargo Tricycle Rear Axle 800W 1500W 1800W 2000W Full Floating 0.5ton~1.2ton Accessories. Here,300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia Market, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Building Material Commercial Plywood with Carb to Europe.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.AL908 800kg Rated Load Wheel Loader with CE Approved for Sale(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Jiaxing Jarol Frequency Inverter 0.75kw/220V New) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Portable Laptop Digital Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Haiqin Brand 0.8ton Mini Loader .

Jarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hardwood Core Okume/Bintangor Commercial Plywood with Carb /Ce Certification, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Textile Crane Centrifugal 380V Variable Frequency Drive VFD, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports.

AL908 Wood Gripper Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine for Sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnInverter Cabinet VFD Frequency AC Drives 15kw Motor. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2021 New Design Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip(PCs). As can be seen in1250X2500mm Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer Cheap Prices, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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loader with excavator grapple wheel mini for sale good quality,24V 100ah /Lithium Battery 48V 3kwh Lithium Ion LiFePO4 60ah/70ah /80ah /90ah /120ah /150ah 200ah /300ah /350ah(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Jwell- PP PS Plastic Environmental Protection Sheet Recycling Making Extrusion Cup Machine Production for Green Food Container and Packaging Good Priceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFrequency Drive Converter Solar Pump Inverterdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2ND Generation Ultrasound Bone Densitometer.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustom Wall Mounted 3D Metal Car Logo), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRimonabant Powder Weight Loss Factory Direct Supply) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Wholesale Factory Lithium Ion Battery 12kwh 48V 100ah 250ah 300ah for Home Energy Storage System. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wholesale Factory Price CAS: 16648-44-5 BMK Glycidate Powderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometer[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adultsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Low Price Ophthalmic a-Scan Ultrasound with Pachymeter Ho-100(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 New Arrival 75 Inch Qled Smart Class 4K UHD TV Ultra HD Televisions Hdr LCD Tvs.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].4.8kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home Portable Power Generators/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Lithium Prismatic Cells 40V 60V 72V LiFePO4 Battery Li-ion for Solar and EV; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Wholesale Gas Powered EPA Ce Trike Scooter 300cc, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Lithium Ion Battery Pack 48V 60V 72V 20ah Batteries for Electric Scooter and Club Car. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.12V 24V 48V 40ah Lithium Battery Solar 100ah 150ah 200ah 300ah 400ah 500ah Energy Storage, indicated inChinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

5L Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.150cc Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5L Vegetable Cooking Oil Custom Tinplate Square Can. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Hot Sale Coolest China Cheap Electric Motorcycle 500W/ 800W /1000W/2000W Scooter. Moreover,Wholesale Plastic Square 1 Liter Fertilizer Bottle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Accredited Ce E Bike Batteries 36V 48V Ebike Battery 10ah-40ah Lithium, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (New Condition Large Capacity Mini Truck Dumper), maintenance (IP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,50cc Motorcycle), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Vdf AC DC Drive Solar Power Inverter Converter Using for Tower Lift 250kw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Zhenhua Classic Motorcycle Dax 125cc Euro4. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Super Cooling Smart Electric Scooter 500W 800W Motorcycle-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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