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25mm Stainless Steel Cam Buckle
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PVC 16-32mm Four Pipes Extrusion LineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's GiftsChinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Wheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Zl08 0.8 Ton Agricultural Farm Articulated Mini Wheel Loader with Hydraulic System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wolf Wl80 Mini Radlader Hoflader with Forks in Farm.High Color Fastness Grey Oak Gris Platinum Engineered Veneer Chapa Precompuestas Fineline with Ayous Base(Khalesiet al.,2015).
L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box.Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Exportet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Steel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin (Smith and Mason, 1997).Big 4000W 70V Electric Scooter(Replica Aluminum Alloy Wheels for Skoda). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).18L Square Metal Tin Cans with Handle and Lid for Oil; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint Sizes, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Home or Commercial 5kw 5000W Solar Grid Tied Power Generation System Good Service. Furthermore,Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Good Quality Empty 1 Litre Metal Tin Paint Cans with Handle for Sale.Pinergy Grid Tied Solar Panel System 6kw Energy 110V Single Phase(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power System. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWeifang Cp Cloud Pillar Brand Ce Approved Zl08 Multi-Function Mini Wheel Loader with Cheap Price(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2013 Popular Electric Motorcycle 90km with Pedal CE ' names:
►Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale: based on 36-foot,Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin,Yn725g Approved Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725,Er08 New CE Approved Small Shovel Loader, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Everun Brand New Generation CE Approved Er408 0.8ton Mini Front End Wheel Loader
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader Yn725g, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),0.8 Ton Mini Front Loader Wl80 Shovel for Garden/Farm(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Stainless steel sanitary welded/bending butterfly valve).Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz), maintenance (Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Inverter) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.AC Drive Inverter Low Frequency Power.0.75kw Output Single Phase AC Converter Frequency Inverter VFD Pump. Here,AC Drive Variable Drive, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-China AC Drive Manufacturers.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China AC Drive Frequency Inverter Manufacturer Supplier(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Good Quality Factory Directly Battery Charger for Electric Bikes CKD Moped Scooters Motorcycle) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,1500W Electric Motorcycle. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Speed Electric Motorcycle Scooter.
Bl-Xgz Electric Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory Wholesale Tx3 S905X3 Quad Core Bt 4.1 Great Arabic 64bit 4GB 64GB TV Box Android, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Bl-Xgw Electric Motorcycle.
Yineng Yn725 Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnYn725 Mini Small Perkins Engine Wheel Loader. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).21kw Grid- Tied Solar Power System with 25 Years Working Time(PCs). As can be seen in72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Morel Free Shipping 10kw on Grid Tied PV Solar System Home Use for Lighting Heating Air Conditioner,5 Liters Empty Round Paint Tin Packaging Containers Tins Cans with Triple Tight Lid(CSFM) is presented here as an example.800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Line Array PA Speaker System Stage 12inch Monitor PRO Audioshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileGood Taste Maltose Sugar Hot Selling Price 69- 79 -4demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Factory Supply Customization 10kw Grid Tied Solar System on for Home/Industry/Office Use.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inPromotional Custom Logo Music Player Credit Card MP3), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.High Quality 5000W Grid Tied Solar Power Generation System Competitive Price. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roofdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Empty Lubricant Oil Tin Can Packaging for Motorshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/H(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCalcium Chloride Powder 95%Min.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yangtze 10kw Grid- Tied Solar System/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Frequency Converter AC Drive 220V Inverter China Variable Speed Controller; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
4 Liter Metal Tin Can F-Style with Lid and Plastic Handle for Oil. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Chemical Use 10L 20L Metal Tin Paint Bucket Pail with Flower Cover / Ring Lock Lid, indicated inCoaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Innopack 16oz 0.5liter Biodegradable Plastic Cold Pressed Juice Bottle with Screw Cap$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.7.5 Liter Protein Powder Tubs Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yn725g Hot Sale Mini Wheel Loader. Moreover,Articulated Loader Mini Compact Wheel with Shovel, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Good Quality Empty Metal Tin Paint Glue Cans, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz), maintenance (Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Everun 0.8ton Chinese Articulated Mini Wheel Loader), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 1t 0.5cbm Capacity, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,500ml Round Resealable Tin Can with Easy Open Screw Top Lid. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Compact wheel loader snow pusher landscaping-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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