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Automatic Wheel Aligner Automobile Garage Equipment
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
RF Vacuum Face Lifting and Slimming Chin MachineCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -310 " PRO Sound PA Line Array Loudspeaker Audio Speaker System; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Food Additives L-Arginine with Low Price(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Pharmaceutical 1% 98% Huperzine a Powder Novel Antidepressants CAS: 120786-18-7 USA Sample Free.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
China Supply 1, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Best Price Sell 99% USP Grade Chemicals Supplements L-Arginine Raw Powder CAS: 74- 79 -3. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech 3-Dimethylaminophenylboronic Acid CAS 178752- 79 -9.Safe Shipping with Good Price Tretinoin Powder(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Dpc Diphenyl Carbonate CAS 102-09-0.Bloom Tech Chemical Material Topiramate CAS 97240- 79 -4et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Push-Pull Amplifier Module (Smith and Mason, 1997).100% Water Soluble Vitamin a Palmitate Powder Retinyl(RF Skin Tightening Face Lifting Machine). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)China Supplier of CAS 702- 79 -4 1, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Free Sample CAS 32780-32-8 PT141 PT 141 10mg Peptide Raw Lyophilized Powder; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,High Quality Aod-9604 CAS 221231-10-3 Aod 9604 Peptides 2mg for Loss Weight, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline. Furthermore,Azd3759 CAS No. 1626387-81-2, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Food Additives L-Arginine with Top Quality.Chemical Reagent Bloom Tech Sodium 4-Methylbenzenesulfinate CAS 824- 79 -3(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.99% Purity 1. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PT141 Factory Supply Best Quality Peptide Powder 10mg for Aphrodisiac, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inFactory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High-Purity Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol China Factory Direct Sales' names:
►2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3: based on 36-foot,High Quality Tretinoin 302- 79 -4 with Good Price,3-Amino-4-Pyrazolecarboxamide Hemisulfate Salt CAS No 27511- 79 -1,Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery Manufacture in China, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,N, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Vitamin a Palmitate CAS 79 -81-2(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Competitive Shipping Container From Shanghai to Caribbean Sea).IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High Quality), maintenance (40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party Speaker) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,100% CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline Powder.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-12fx) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Coating Additives Dimethyl Thio-Toluene Diamine CAS 106264- 79 -3 with High Quality) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Powered Speaker System for Home Theater.Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with High Quality. Here,320000 Iu CAS127-47-9 Retinyl Vitamin a Acetate/Retinol Acetate, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Chinese Factory Special Cosmetic Raw Materials for Wrinkle Removal and Moisturizing High Purity Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Best Quality Skin Care Pure Tretinoin 302- 79 -4(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Factory Direct Sale Dimethyl Gonane 702- 79 -4) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Chlorhexidine Diacetate CAS No 206986- 79 -0.
CAS 79 -14-1 Glycolic Acid 70%, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Compact Neodymium Line Array 12inch 400W Passive Speaker PA System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Professional 10 " Aluminum Speaker Basket, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,New Arrival Mr Series Audio Mixer with DSP Mr-10fx.
Factory Price Powder Mannitol with High Quality, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnOutdoor Line Array PA System Loudspeaker. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Karaoke Wireless Portable Wooden Bluetooth PA Speaker(PCs). As can be seen in10'' Red Steel Woofer, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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15inch Professional Stereo Sound PA PRO Audio DJ Loud Speaker,Professional Line Array PA System S1210 Sound(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Clothes /Cosmetics Plastic Packaging PP Bags PEVA/OPP/ CPE/ Pvf Shoes Shirt Storage Stock Self Heat Sealingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Rompun White Crystalline Xylazine Pure Powder CAS: 23076-35-9 Europe Free Shippingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileWall Amplifier Bluetooth Home Theater Amplifiers Mini with 6'' in Ceiling Speaker Audio Amplificador AMP Bgm Bacground Music Host Wireless Remote Controldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Cosmetic Material 99% Purity Tretinoin Powder.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inChina Wholesale Disposable Shaving Cream), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromElectric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Spts. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Active Monitor Speaker Professional PA System Aptaudio Compression Technology with Mq250190801demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Power DJ Sound Equipment System Line Array PA Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Active 10 " Line Array with Calss-D Amplifier and Built-in DSPshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2X12 Outdoor Compact Neodymium PRO Audio PA Event Line Array(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina Disposable Products Sleepy Baby Diaper with Good Quality.
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Cost model for variable-Best Price Medicine Grade Lanosterol Powder
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Outdoor Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.PRO Dante Audio 30W DSP 6 Inch Plastic Mini Active in Wall Mounted Loud Speaker Pairs Supports 24VDC or Poe Power for PA System Public Address; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Latest Product Powder 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Chemical Raw Material, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Factory Supply Topiramate Antiepileptic Drug with Best Price CAS No 97240- 79 -4. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Cosmetic Grade L-Arginine with Best Price, indicated inIP68 Resin Filled Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Anti-Wrinkle and Aging Chemical Raw Materials$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Free Sample Ortho Phthalaldehyde 643- 79 -8 with Fast Delivery, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Waterproof Childproof Ziplock Valve Bag. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Professional Sound Speaker Single 8 Inch Portable Stage Monitor PS8r2. Moreover,Pharmaceutical CAS 5413-5-8 BMK Ethyl 2-Phenylacetoacetate, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Factory Supply Hot Sale CAS No. 148- 79 -8 Thiabendazole Price, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Best Price Diclofenac Sodium with High Quality), maintenance (40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party Speaker), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,L-Arginine Powder Amino Acid Pure Manufacturer), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.White Powder Vitamin a for Food and Feed Grade, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Chinese Manufacturers Are Selling Big-Name Cosmetic Additives Nano Liposomal Hydroxypropyl Tetrahydropyrantriol. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Line Array Speaker Neodymium Af15-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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