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S. Arfania; A.R.M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric CarRGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage.Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inSamsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Winpack Popular Gradient Green Cosmetic Acrylic Cream Bottle for Skin Care).3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor), maintenance (Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh.Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale. Here,45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry.

Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter.

High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal(PCs). As can be seen in20/30/50/60/100W Raycus Max Jpt Ipg Table 3D CO2 Mopa Color Logo Printer Marker Fiber Laser Marking Machine, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Motorcycle Tires/Motorcycle Tyre/Tire 2.50- 17 2.50-18 2.75- 2.75-18,Black Valve Universal Programmable OE Replacement TPMS Sensor(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Professional All Weather Water-Proof Indoor Outdoor 4inch Speakerillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Outdoor Speaker All Weather Water-Proof Humidity Proof Functions Two Ways with Mq6tp190801shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while20kw Grid Tied Solar Systemdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mobile Induction Heater for Welding Brazing Melting.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Beauty Fashion PVC Leather Cosmetic Toiletries Makeup Bag), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromHigh Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Ihi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeotshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTop Quality Waterproof Wood Patterns Vinyl Plank Flooring PVC.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine. Moreover,Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor), maintenance (Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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