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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Loader(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loader.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box , sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Covered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty.0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can.1 Liter Cans for Curing Agentet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for IP PA System 6 Inch 15W SIP Poe Ceiling Speaker with Built-in Monitoring Microphone and Dry Contact in out(Smith and Mason, 1997).Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can(Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover. Furthermore,200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box.High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDiesel Cargo Three Wheel Tricycle for Sale From China(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Power Saver Device

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Compressive Strength Compression and Tension Concrete Pressure Testing Machine).60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins), maintenance (2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery.20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery. Here,Electricity Power Saver for Industry , separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine.

CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnCATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties(PCs). As can be seen inO-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPAshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFrequency Power Supply China Variable Speed Drive Voltage Converter AC Motordemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inExcellent Korean quality transparent PVC travel and luxury leather master cosmetic bags), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.New Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Saledemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.20W/30W/50W Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal/Plastic and All The Metalsshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFree Standing 2 Person Jetted Bathtub.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire. Moreover,Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Motorbike for 320cc with Police Cruiser Using Dry Weight 180kg, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins), maintenance (2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Mular, A.L. 1982.E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers.C Band Satellite TV Antenna 150cm.Eougem Original Cheap Radlader 0.8ton with Standard Bucket Made in China, Montreal. 265 pp.         [Crystal Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate for Coumpound]

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Niazi, A., Dai, J.S., Balabani, S., and Seneviratne, L. 2006.Mc4t-Branch Connector for Parallel Solar Panel Pair Male and Female.Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,vol. 128. pp. 563-575.         [Acoustic and Electric Guitar Hard Ware Machine Head Mh-3692]

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USBM. 1987.Wall Mounted Swimming Pool Lamp Underwater LED Light 18watt 12V RGB with Two Years Warranty,2074 Growatt Inverter 9kw on Grid 9000W Tied Solar Power System Home-metallic minerals expected fossil fuels in the United States and Canada.Openfile report10-87. US Bureau of Mines, Denver, CO. 134 pp.         [18gbps Gold Plated HDMI Cord Ultra HD 4K 2.0 Cable with Ce RoHS]

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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