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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
3kw Solar Power System for Home Use on GridCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Plastic Products Colorful Pellets Resin Raw Material Light Green Color Antistatic Masterbatch Customized5kw Inverter Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Endless Swimming Pool(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Whole Sale Home Antique Style Large Acrylic Freestanding Bathtub.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Milling Machine Tool F1 Type Boring Head with Shank Adapter for, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Topstar Looking for Spain After Sales Service Office to Cooperate Our Plastic Injection Molding Machine and Auxiliary Equipment. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Factory Price Fully Automatic Dustbin Injection Molding Machine.Jwell TPU Matt Cast Film Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).
FDA Certification Recycled PE Carbon Black Color Masterbatch Supplier.Topstar Looking for Regional Agency or Partner to Act Our Plastic Injection Molding Equipmentet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with Edison Chip(Smith and Mason, 1997).Plastic Raw Materials Black Color Masterbatches China Supplier(Sophisticated Price of Polyamide Resin for Whosale). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)35% Blowing Film Grade Carbon Black Masterbatch Manufacture, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Uns S31703/AISI 317L Stainless Steel Sheet/Plate/Coil/Pipe/Flange/Fittings/Bolt & Nuts; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2021 New Design Plastic Injection Molding Machine Made in China, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Carbon Black Masterbatch for Injection Moulding. Furthermore,PLA Masterbatch Manufacturers for 3D Printing Filament, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PLA Color Masterbatch for 3D Printing.30% to 50% Carbon Content PP Application Making Plastics Product Film(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.V5.0 Fashion Mini Twins Wireless Bluetooth Earphone with Microphone. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Portable in-Ear Invisible Headphones with Charging Case, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 140sn634(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Jwell Raincoat TPU Film Extrusion Machine' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line Extruder
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mini Private Design Tws True Wireless Stereo Headphone for Huawei, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Bluetooth 5.0 Earphones Wireless Headphones Support HiFi 5 Hours Playtime(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Zinc Alloy Die Casting Hollow out Medal with Copper Plating).Tws 5.0 Wireless Headphone with ND1526p Dual Call 600mAh Charging Box.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient), maintenance (Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,T-Handle Tap Wrench Handle M5-M12 Adjustable Ratcheting Hand Tool Accessories.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (PVC Plastic Marble Board/Plate/Wall Extruder) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Food Additive Granular Dihydrate Disodium Phosphate) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Food Grade.E320L/B/C/D Boom Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits. Here,Jwell Plastic PVC Decoration Wallboard Profile Machinery/ Extruder Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Disodium Phosphate Food Grade Manufacturer.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.99% Tech Grade Disodium Phosphaten Used as Water-Softening Agent(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Msp Industrial Grade CAS 7758-80-7) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Ammonium Polyphosphate APP-II CAS No. 68333- 79 -9. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Quality Disodium Phosphate Sell by Factory.
Factory Supply Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous Food Additive, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Head Gasket , Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality .
K20 K30 Tungsten Carbide Thread Rod with Double Helix Hole or Straight, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCustomized Carbide Spare Parts Assembly Orifice Main Valve Pulser. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Seal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oil(PCs). As can be seen inLebekan Aluminum Materials High Power COB LED Flood Light Waterproof Lights 100W 200W 400W 600W 800W, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Seal Kits Komatsu PC200-5/6 Boom Cyl Kit,Industrial Grade SHMP (CSFM) is presented here as an example.2-Aminoanthraquinone CAS No 117- 79 -3illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Professional Speaker System Dual 10 Inch Three Way Line Array Audio V310shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Factory Supply CAS 99-93-4 4-Hydroxyacetophenonedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Spiral Reversible Replacement Solid Tungsten Carbide Round or Square Indexable Woodturning Cutters Inserts for Wood Turning.
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Sodium Phosphate Dibasic CAS No 7558- 79 -4
Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCustomized Handmade Keychain Boho Tassels Accessory Bag Charm Fashion Jewellery), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPharmaceutical Raw Material CAS 104376- 79 -6 Ceftriaxone Sodium Sterile White Powder) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Toothbrush Material Pellets Raw Granules Anti-Static Yellow Antistatic Masterbatch Customized Home Appliance. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Beddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,K10 K20 P30 Tungsten Carbide Plate Strips for Cutting[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.60W LED High Power Bluetooth Speaker Ceiling Lightshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Komastu PC60-6 Arm Cyl Oil Seal Kit(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inBrand New Water Cooling Sinotruk Construction Machinery Diesel Engine Mc07.
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Cost model for variable-Cat320b/C/D Arm Cyl Seal Kit Excavator Oil Kits
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Pigment Violet 1 Toner for Ink/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Solvent Violet 59 ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Channing Small Stand Alone Bath White Best Hot Tub Acrylic Freestanding Baby Tubs , required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Solvent Violet 13 for Plastic Application. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Solvent Violet 11, indicated inCE Approved Vacuum Cavitation Roller RF Velashape 3 Slimming Machine, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Solvent Violet G 49 for Plastic$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Manufacturer ASTM 316L Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Tubes, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Solvent Violet 10b 9. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet Super 2507. Moreover,ASTM A789 S32750 Uns Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipe, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Uns S32750 2507 S32760 F55 1.4501 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Bar, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficient), maintenance (Jwell PP EVA|EVOH|PS|PE Plastic Multi-Layer Sheet Recycling Agricultural Co-Extrusion Making Machine for Jelly Packing Factory Price and High Efficient), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Skycron® Disperse Violet 26/HFRL Dyestuff Fabric Dye), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.ASTM A790 Uns S31803 Seamless Stainless Steel Tube, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Manufacture High Quality PLA Silk Color Masterbatch. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Ce Certification Plastic PP Blue Color Masterbatch-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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