GENERAL PAPERS

Alu. Speaker Mount Wall Bracket Cost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.1L Stainless Steel 304 Bottle with Clamp and Silicone GasketPassive Double 10 Inch Proal Audios Sound System Line Array Speakers for Direct Sale; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Automatic Pure/Mineral Bottle Water Packing Machine (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.300/650ml/ 1L Plastic Shampoo Cosmetic Pump Bottle.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

250ml 300ml 500ml 1L Clear Glass Juice Bottle Milk, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,20W 50W Portable Jpt/Ipg Laser Marking Machine in Germany. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1L /1.5L Glass Juice Bottle/Beverage Bottle.Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottle(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (150ah 3kwh Power Supply Deep Cycle Rechargeable Solar Battery, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCAS No.: 67-63-0 Colorless Transparent Liquid Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;8mm Thickness 160mm 8watt DC12V RGB LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,3kwh Rechargeable Battery Solar Energy Power System

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,55% Rubber Content Tyre High Performance Diagonal Motorcycle Tires 200/55- 17, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),DOT Certified Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tires 3.00- 17 with Golden Quality(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED Indoor Rental 500*1000mm P3.91 Panels Advertise Display).55% Rubber Content Tyre China High Quality Motorcycle Tires 2.75- 17.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike ), maintenance (High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packing.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle.Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging. Here,3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Light. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565.

Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV.

24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Mc4y Solar Connector(PCs). As can be seen inNew Pattern Best Price 110/90- 17 Motorcycle Tire, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine,Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / Packingillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cheap Price Origin Brushless 800W Motor Electric Motorcycle Made in Chinashows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while32dBi 5GHz WLAN Antennademonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1L 2L 5L 10L 100ml 200ml 500ml Wine Glass Bottles.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Absorption Diaposable Hygiene Product Women Sanitary Napkins), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromRound Shape Paint Chemical Coating 1L Metal Tin Can / Canister with Lid) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Glass Bottle 1L Empty 1000ml Milk. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.99% Pure CAS 56-95-1 Bulk Chlorhexidine Diacetate/Acetate Powderdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Mc4y Tyco Solar Connector[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 149s715shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Mc4 Electronic Connector(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inResin Crafts.

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Cost model for variable-Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,1000ml 71g 1L HDPE Plastic Bottle for Chemical Powders Liquids, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten. Moreover,Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Factory Motorcycle Tyre and Motorbike ), maintenance (High Quality Motorcycle Parts Tyre ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Underwater Pool Light with Niche -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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