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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Custom Printing Laminated Plastic Stand up Pouch Zip Lock Dried Biodegradable Kraft Paper Bag Food Packaging Mylar ManufacturersCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Aluminum Speaker Box for 3" Column The Cheapest Top Quality Cheap Plywood Sheet Waterpfoof Prices From China Factory; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Portable Wireless Professional Rechargeable DJ Karaoke Sound Box Bluetooth PA Speaker with Wire Microphone 1PCS(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.800W VERA 12 Line Array DJ Speaker Cabinet PRO Audio.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Powered Concert Theater High Performance PA System Power Sub Bass, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2way Indoor Club Party Wedding Line Array 15inch Sound System. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,12 Inch Audio Wireless Professional Portable Rechargeable DJ Bluetooth PA Trolley Speaker with LED Light ED-1201 Wire Microphone 1PCS.Professional Active Powered Line Array Speaker Mini 5 Inch Audio(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Professional Dual 15" Multi-Purpose Speaker.Single 5inch Active Coaxial Full-Range Speaker PA System Indoor Room with Tx5caet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for HPM410W Submerged Integrated Level Sensor Transmitter(Smith and Mason, 1997).New Driver Beyma Professional Speaker Line Array PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Subwoofer with Wa218PRO(High Polyamide Resin). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Srx725 Dual 15" PRO Audio Speaker Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).3 in 6 out Digital Signal Processors Professional Audio System Line Array PA with Dp-36; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Professional Audio System Signal 15" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA with Tq15, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Double 12'' Line Array Audio. Furthermore,Professional Audio Signal 12" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq12, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-DJ Stage PRO Audio Indoor Club 15" Line Array Loudspeaker.15'' Waterproof Subwoofer with High Spl Use Indoor and Outdoor(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.USP Level Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9%. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Stadium Banquet Hall Theater PRO Audio PA Speaker Line Array System, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inTetracaina HCl Tetracaine Base Depuracao Segura Mercado 100% Brasileiro(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Benzyl Benzoate Bb 99.95% Bp/USP Grade CAS: 120-51-4' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mule Deer Tranquilizer First Choice Tiletamine HCl Injection Free Sample 14176-50-2
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High Purity Ethylamine HCl, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Steel Circle for PA Speaker Parts 16*3h (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (CNC 500mm Automatic Peeling Machine for Plywood Ce Certificate).PA Speaker Cabinet Accessories .
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array), maintenance (PA Speaker Accessories and Parts ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,PA System with Rigging Shackle Hardware Parts M25 .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (New Design Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit Professional Coaxial PA System with L16-Ci) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Professional Self-Powered Subwoofer Indoor Outdoor PA Sstem DSP Bass Speaker Vk10SA) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Power Column Speaker PA System.Speaker Wall Mounting Bracket . Here,Single 18'' High Power Speaker Subwoofer, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Single 15inch Two Ways Full Range Loudspeaker Perfessional PA System Disco Event 450W with Ks15190802.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.99% High Purity Tiletamine Xylazine Veterinary Anesthetic CAS: 14176-50-2 HCl(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Chinese Top Veterinary Anesthesia Injection Solution Xylazine Hydrochloride Wholesales CAS: 23076-35-9) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocaine. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)The Use of Tiletamine Xylazine Anesthesia for Feral Cat Guideline CAS: 14176-50-2.
Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Battery-Powered PA Multimedia USB Radio Speaker Outdoor Use.
Chemical Synthesis 2-Phenylbenzimidazole White Crystalline Powder on Sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnActive Compact Column PA Speaker Powered Loudspeaker Point Source. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).PA Speaker Sound System Dual 8'' Two-Way Line Array(PCs). As can be seen inGood Quality 2-Wheel Electric Motorcycle 500-1000W Scooter in Stock, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.18W RGB Underwater LED PAR56 Bulb Light for Swimming Pool Lightingshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAllsparkpower 3kw/4.8kwh 3kwh /5kwh/10kwh/20kwh Storage Capacity Backup Power System Solar Supply for Housedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality Larocaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 94-15-5.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGood Quality Hot Sale Baby Diapers Layer from China), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from9mm E1 Glue Bintangor Plywood Board) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.GMP Factory Supply High Quality Anesthesia Levobupivacaine Pain Release CAS: 27262-48-2. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2 X HDMIdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Professional Audio Loudspeaker Vt312 Dual 12 Inch Stadium PA Speaker[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Wholesale 1L /2L/3L Laundry Liquid Detergent Bottleshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa for Dehydrating Agent and Cleaning 67-63-0(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in2021 Industrial Snack Kitchen Equipment Small Grids Waffle Making Machine Commercial Double Maker.
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Cost model for variable-Buy Real Local Anesthetic Pure Powderr Niche Larocaine Free Shipping Europe CAS: 94-15-5
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Purity Local Anesthetic Larocaine Powder CAS: 94-15-5 UK Hot Sales/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Safe Delivery High Purity Raw Materials Larocaine USP 42 South American Warehouse; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Single 12" Plastic Waterproof Speaker, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Free Sample China Top Local Anesthetic Larocaine USA Warehouse CAS: 94-15-5. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Speaker Wall Mount Bracket for PRO Audio Steel 134.8L*90W*160h , indicated inCafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
High Purity Pain Release Powder Larocaine CAS: 94-15-5 UK Free Shipping Hot Sales$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.New Design Source Column Speaker 6X6.5inch B&C Imported Driver Unit PA Line Array Subwoofer with Novi, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)New Professional Coaxial Line Array Column Speaker 20PCS Driver Unit PA System with L16-Ci. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.PA System Single 18" Sub Bass Speaker Low Pitch Subwoofer with Wa118. Moreover,Home Theater PA PRO Audio Speaker, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (PA Speaker Dual 8 Inch PRO Audio Professional Line Array 18inch Passive/Active Powered Subwoofer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Professional Audio Loudspeaker PA Stage Active Line Array), maintenance (PA Speaker Accessories and Parts ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Professional Audio Kara Line Array), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array System PA Speaker, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Manufacturers Supply Top Quality High Purity Bupivacaine Powder with Best Price CAS: 14252-80-3. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Professional Audio Signal 8" Two-Way Full-Range Speakers PA System with Tq8-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. and Poulin, R. 1998. Capcosts 1998.Free Sample Local Anesthetic Novocaine Painkiller Cream Solution Procaine CAS: 51-05-8.Pain Release Best Oral Capsules Procaine Pure Raw Materials Novocaine CAS: 51-05-8.99% Pure Powder Novocaine Procaine Factory Bulk Stock CAS: 51-05-8 Europe Free Sample, Montreal. 319 pp. [L-Pyroglutamic Acid]
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67-63-0 Pharmaceutical Intermediates Isopropyl Alcohol 99.9% / Isopropanol 99.9%/ Ipa, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Professional Speaker with Hanging Hardware Parts Horizontal .Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hz]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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