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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Chinese Brand Smallest Turning Radius Rops Fops 0.8 Ton Mini Wheel Loader with Ce EPA(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Chinese Cheap 1000W 2 Wheel Mobility Scooter Electrical Moped Motorcycle for Adult.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

350-1000W Pedal Assist Electric Scooter Parts 10 Inch Mobility Tricycles Motorcycles Chinese for Adults, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,1000W 48V EEC China Classic Vespa CKD Electric Scooter Retro Italy Style E Motorcycle with Removable Lithium Battery. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,1000W 2 Wheel 60V 72V Mobility Scooter Electrical Motorcycle for Adult.Chinese Best Cheap Electric Scooter Korea Hot Sell 48V Thailand Motorcycle with Pedal(Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Best Price Solar Energy Systems Home Panel System 15kw 20kw on Grid, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inVera12 New Design 800watts 12" Audio System Line Array(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Customization Energy Solution 1kw 2kw 3kw 5kw 10kw 15kw 20kw 25kw 50kw on Grid/Grid Tied Solar Panel Power System' names:

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►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Power Frequency Converter AC Drive Inverter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Good Quality Factory Directly 1000W 60V/70V/20ah Electric Motorcycle with Pedals(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (DC12V 60LED/M 300LEDs Reel 3528 SMD Flexible LED Strip).0.5L Tin Can with Dry Cover.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans), maintenance (AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Good Quality Electric Bike & Two-Wheel Dual Motor Foldable China Motorcycle for Adult.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Food Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Cap) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Cheap Power Motor Big Protect Frame Electric Scooter Motorcycle 60V800W) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.850 Alicosolar 5kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage.Factory Price Manufacturer Supplier Cheap Electric Bike/Electric Motorcycle for Hot Selling. Here,Cheap Smart Lady's Electric Scooter 60V800W, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Selling Electric City Bike New Scooter E-Scooter Motorcycle as Children's Gifts.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Lady Scooter Motorcycle 2.5 16 Tire Custom Bike(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-0.8 Ton Mini/Small Tractor Front End Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Forklift) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Wheel Loader Mini Wolf Wl80 with Forks.

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whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

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whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,L55 Best Android High Quality Firmware Update Google Certifed Set Top Japanese Free Streaming Japan Smart TV Box.

Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnBig 4000W 70V Electric Scooter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).4 Liter Rectangle Metal Tin Can for Olive Oil Package and Peanut with Flexible Spout(PCs). As can be seen in8mm Thickness 316ss IP68 RGB DC12V 18W External Control Mode LED Swimming Pool Light, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.China Supplier EEC and EPA Approved 1500cc Quadskishows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBMK White Powder Europe Free Shipping Pmk Glycidate CAS: 13605-48-6demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Grid Tied 30kw Solar PV System for Shingle Roof.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in10W Integrated Solar Panel Battery LED Street Lighting), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Pinergy Grid Tied Solar Panel System 6kw Energy 110V Single Phase. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Free Sample White Crystalline Powder Procaine South America Warehouse CAS: 51-05-8 Larocainedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,off Grid 5kw 10kw Solar Power System[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.IP68 8W-42W Surface Mounted Multi-Color LED Underwater Swimming Lightshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Pinergy 9kw on- Grid Tied Solar Power System for Home or Industrial Roof(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFamous Brand Reasonable Price Cheap Perfume.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Chinese Zl08f Wheel Loader 0.8ton Mini with Quick Hitch for Sale/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Wolf Loader Wl80 Radlader Without Cabin; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Bulk Quality Cheap Smart Elecetric Scooter 60V800W for Lady, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Low Frequency Inverter AC Drive. Moreover,Frequency Inverter Converter 50Hz 60Hz, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Single Phase Mini AC DC Motor Speed Controller, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Food Grade Container 1 Liter Square Olive Oil Latest Design Metal Tin Cans), maintenance (AC Frequency Converter 50Hz 60Hz Drive Inverter), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Frequency Inverter Pump AC Drive Price), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Jarol Frequency Inverter JAC200 3 Phase 380V 4kw, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Raw Material of Making Compound Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N1%Electric Motorcycle 1000W Motorbike 60V Fast Speed Moped 65km/HCorresponding author