GENERAL PAPERS

O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8Cost modelling for flotation machines

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,200ml Flat Shoulder Plastic HDPE Black Shampoo Bottle. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Tricycle with Wagon 3 Wheel Motorcycle Box.High Quality Hot Sale PC Epoxy Resin Filled 12V AC 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Edison Chips(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Manufacturer Promotional Square Metal Tin Can for Tea Coffee Packing.Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Saleet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Professional Line-Array Speaker Three-Way Tri-AMP 75W 200W 600W 16omega Large-Scale System with Vt310190816(Smith and Mason, 1997).Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty(Buy Niche Intermediates Facotry Bulk Stock BMK White Powder CAS: 5413-05-8). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults. Furthermore,Power Saver Device , and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory.No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in250cc Oil Cooling Dirt Bike with EPA(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electricity Power Saver for Industry , blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (DC - 005 C Socket with Pin = 1.3 Full Copper).Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon), maintenance (Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Covered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Quality Cheap Classic Light Mini Reverse Three Wheel Motorcycle ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame.10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine. Here,CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-CATV Optical Receiver Module Bgo887bo Excellent Flatness 40 to 860 MHz.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel.

Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Portable Handheld Metal Plastic DOT Peen Marking Machine, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with Gain 13dBi.

Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnElectricity Saver Device . MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver(PCs). As can be seen inYog Motorcycle Spare Parts Side Mirror Rearview Mirrors Scooter Gy6 off Road for Honda Xy Fz16 YAMAHA Bajaj Tvs Star Apache 180, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Intelligent Power Saver for Industry Useshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileNew Model Chinese Small Loader Front End Wheel for Saledemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMulti-storey metal structures factory workshop building for sale), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCold&Heat Seal Plastic Film Roll Chocolate Bar Food Cookies Packaging Bag Frosted Zipper Container Made Craft Drawstring Low MOQ Printing) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Sector Panel Antenna . The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.3840watts AC Output 80A 50Hz 220V Silent Power Portable Electric Storage and Generator with CE Certificate Built-in Inverterdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1L and 5L Can for Antifreezing Liquidshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Growatt 2kw on Grid Inverter 2000W Tied for Solar Power System Home(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inJaw Crusher for Stone Crushing.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Heavy Duty Truck Tire 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Three Wheel Motor Tricycle Rickshaw Rear Axle; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Police Using of Motorcycle for Cruiser with Displacement 320cc$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Quality Cylindrical Li-ion 12V 40ah 80ah Rechargeable Lithium Battery Pack for Portable Device, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)7kwh Multi-Function Solar Energy Lithium Battery Ion for Home. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.5.8GHz WLAN/WiFi 0.9m Dual-Polarized Parabolic Antenna 32dBi Gain. Moreover,45cm Offset Satellite TV Antenna with 200 Hour UV Test, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5.8g Omni Antenna/Dual Frequency Antenna 2.4G 5.8g/2400-2500MHz Omi, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon), maintenance (Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,45cm Offset Satellite Dish TV Antennas), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.150ah Lithium Iron Phosphate , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,2.4-2.5GHz/5-5.8GHz Dual Frequency WiFi Antenna Internet for Things. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.E3/L3 17.5-25 20.5-25 1800-25 Durable Tyres for Scrapers-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

1L Panit CanTwo-Way Passive Line Array Corresponding author