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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Glue Tin Can with Plastic Lid / Square Metal Paint SizesCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Chinese 300cc Cheap Farm Gas Trike Sector Panel Antenna ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.3.00- 17 Super High Quality Natural Rubber Motorcycle Tire.(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Surface Mounted Swimming Pool Underwater LED Light with Edison Chip.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow.18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave(Khalesiet al.,2015).
250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin.2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanneret al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Factory Supply Dibenzylideneacetone CAS 35225- 79 -7 with Fast Delivery(Smith and Mason, 1997).Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions(Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser. Furthermore,China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches.50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inScooter Parts(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electric Smart Cargo Car Tricycle 800W 40km/H Long Running Range
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mini electric truck/ express vehicle/ Express vehicles, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Bost Motorcycle Parts Accessories Air Filter for 2-Wheel 4-Stroke Gy6 -125 -150 Bikes(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Calcium Chloride Powder 95%Min).BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter), maintenance (M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor.Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines. Here,1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap.
Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Scooter Parts, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price.
Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnStainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive(PCs). As can be seen inHzm908 Jn908 31.5 Tyre Loader Best Price Hot Sale, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter,Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator(CSFM) is presented here as an example.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Quality 3kwh Rechargeable LiFePO4 Lithium Batteryshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity.demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inSingle Crystal Polycrystalline Diamond Wire Drawing Dies /PCD/ND), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromDiesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle 152sn924) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.0-5V 0-10V Raw Petro High Temperature Sapphire Pressure Transducer. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Airtight Child Pop up Squeeze Plastic Stand Flat Bottom Pet Cat Food Packaging Bagshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.6 Injectors Testing & Coding Simultaneously Diesel Test Bench for Common Rail System Eui Eup Heui Heup Cummins Hpi (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAplus Luxury Disposable Hotel Toothbrush.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Thin-film Sputtering Pressure Transmitter For Medical Equipment, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor, indicated inSamsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale. Moreover,45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter), maintenance (M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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