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Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing MachineCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.12kw Grid Tied Solar SystemPA Speaker Parts of T24 12 Inch ; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Chinese Frequency AC Drive Pure Sine Wave Inverter Mini Water Pump Motor Controller(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Water Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

0.4kw 0.5HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Jarol Strong Overload Capacity AC Drive Frequency Inverter . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,China Pumping AC Variable Frequency Drive Solar Pump Inverter for Submersible.Sporty Electric Scooter (Khalesiet al.,2015).

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Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Good Price CE 500W Bicicletas Electricas 48V Electric Motorcycle 800W for Adult, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWater Waste Landfill Industrial Aquaculture and Mining Project Geomembrane Liner Extruder Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;RGB/White 18W PAR56 LED Swimming Pool Light' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot Sales ABS Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light 18watt

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,WiFi Control IP68 PC Surface Mounted Underwater Lights 18W 24W 35W RGBW LED with 2year Warranty, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),24watt IP68 Resin Filled Flat LED Swimming Pool Underwater Light(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Compostable Mailer Biodegradable Waterproof Postage Satchel Custom Printed Plastic Shipping Bag).The Thinnest Wall Pool Underwater Swimming Light 18 Volts.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System), maintenance (11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Customized 18mm Carb Birch Okoumen Plywood.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (China Plywood for The Furniture/Construction) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (3-18mm Melamine Plywood/Melamine Board/Fancy Paper Face Plywood for Indoor Use) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Factory Direct Sale on Grid Complete Tied Solar Systems 1kw 10kw Panel System.Grid Tied Wind Solar Power System. Here,Canada IPTV Server Subscription Resellers Panel French Spain USA Turkey Arab Android Box Smart TV Mag M3u IP, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Ash Solid Wood decoration Board.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.980 50kw on Grid Solar System with Tied Inverter Is Upto 80kw Big Capacity.(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-800ml Square Metal Containers) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,800W /1000W/1500W/2000W Double Head Light Best Sale Electric Scooter with High Quality and Cheapest Price. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Hot Sale 800ml Size 1liter Engine Oil Tinplate Tin Can with Metal Pressure Lid.

Hot Sale Metal Round Cans for Paint or Chemical Packaging, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Everun CE Approved Articulated Er08 0.8 Ton Multifunction Front End Loader with Standard Bucket, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Wholesale Cmyk Printing 0.5 Liter Chemical Tin Cans, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Un Approved 0.5 Liter Metal Square Paint Empty Tin Cans.

5 Liter Tinplate Metal Packing Car Paint Container Engine Oil Tin Can, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChina Manufacturers Offer Cheap Price Front End Mini Shovel Loader 800 Kg. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Everun New Design Er408 Small Compact 800kg Farm Machinery Wheel Loader with Mixer Bucket(PCs). As can be seen in300cc Cargo Tricycle of Asia Market, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.High Effective Automatic Ultrasound Bone Densitometershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sale Model V20 Dual 10 Inch Three-Way Audio Small Line Array Speakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Exclusive Model Electric Scooter 800W 1000W High Torque Matt Black.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inTapping Screw Cross Pan Head Self Fasteners), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChemical Factory Sale Ammonium Sulphate Fertilizer Granular) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bagdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Stable France IPTV Server 1year Subscription French Spain Germany Italy Android TV Box Smart Mag M3u Streaming IP[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150p249shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Upgraded Full HD North America Internet ATSC TV Decoder(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated in94% Pellet Calcium Chloride with Best Quality.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Switch Control Multi Color Big Commercial Project Concrete LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Mag City Scooter 80km Range Two Wheel Electric Motorcycle; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,200cc/300cc Adults Racing Go Kart for Sale Ce Certificate, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Electric Scooter/ Motorcycle/TM-BQ. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Commerical Okoume Plywood for Sale, indicated in843 3kw on Grid Solar System for Home Use Growatt 3phase Grid- Tied Inverter Output Voltage, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Go Kart $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.New Go Kart , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Everun 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Euro III Engine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.New Model AL908 0.8ton Mini Wheel Loader with Wood Grapple for Sale. Moreover,Cheap CE 800W Lithium Battery Power Supply and 48V/60V Voltage Electric Motorcycle, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (5HP 50Hz 60Hz 3.7kw 3 Phase VFD Variable Frequency Drive for Motor, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Rosen 7kw Grid Tied on Solar Panel System), maintenance (11kw Grid Tied Solar Energy System Industrial Power Supply), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Quality 18W 12V IP68 Waterproof LED Swimming Pool Lamps with Edison Chip), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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