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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Purity and Good Price Glycolic Acid (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.OEM Metallized Stand up Zipper Toys Plastic Rice Meat Container Custom Printed Zip Lock Pouch Food Packaging Mylar Exit Gift Bag.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

10 Inch Powered PA Speaker Full Range Stereo System, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Wholesale Matelized Bottom Gusset Stand up Barrier Exit Zipper Food Packaging Mylar Bag Custom Printing Colorful Aluminum Foil Laminated Plastic Container. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Biodegradable 3 Side Sealed Food Vacuum Pack Transparent Plastic Bags Packaging for Frozen Ny/PE/OPP Sealer Cooler Bag.3X3 video wall LCD HD 1080P digital display screen(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Food Saver High Transparent Vacuum Plastic Bag.Cvr 2021 New 10'' Line Array Professionalet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for CCD Auto Identification Positioning Laser Marking Machine for PCB/3c/IC Chips/Electronic Small Devices(Smith and Mason, 1997).10'' Red Steel Woofer(3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Single 10 Inch Two Way Professional Passive Coaxial Monitor Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Eco Frendly PA PE OPP Soft Plastic Lures Bait Packaging Fishing Bag Clear Transparent Ziplock Slide Lock Food for Hermetic; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Waterproof Outdoor Dual 10 " Line Array, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Aluminum Foil Self Sealing Digital Plastic Packaging Bag Glossy Holographic Stand up Clear Front Laser Film Food with Zipper. Furthermore,Laminated for Coffee Cookie Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Medical Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Ziplock Barrier Exit Container, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-PRO Audio Powered Line Array Tw- 10 Outdoor Speaker.Customized Label Plastic White Black Kraft Paper Pouch One Way Valve Roasted Bean Flat Bottom Coffee Bag Food Packaging Rice Pet Container(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Manufacturer Reusable Ziplock PE Pet Food Stand up Packaging Pouch Bag Flat Bottom Mylar Recyclable Heat Sealed Coffee Bean Rice Dough Powder. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (V8/Vsub Dual 10 " Compact Indoor/Outdoor Stage Line Array Speaker, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in12kw Grid Tied Solar System(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Morin Professional Audio 10inch Line Array Speaker Tw- 10 & Tw-18 Sub' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Outdoor Speaker Dual 10 Inch Line Array

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,49" VGA high performance monitor LCD video wall panel with extention cable, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),LG LD490DUN-TJB2 LCD wall mount video with 2X2 panel(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (PA500/PA600/PA800 Electric Hoist Chinese Suppliers).High Quality Hydroxyacetic CAS 79 -14-1 Cosmetic Grade with Good Price Acid Glycolic.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home), maintenance (wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel display.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (LG LD550DUN-TKB1 video wall system with matrix switcher) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Bag Eight Sides Seal Side Gusset Standing Plastic Coffee Bean Three-Side Sealed Packaging) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Transparent Flat Bottom Box Pouch Stand up Zip Lock Eight Sides Seal Bag Side Gusset Standing Plastic Clear Coffee Bags Manufacturer Reusable PE Pet Food.Laser Aluminum Resealable Value Pack Stand up Zip Lock Bag Hologram Self Seal Zipper Plastic Sealing Digital Food Packaging Mylar Paper Glossy. Here,L10/83254 Parlante Professional Sonido Neodymium Woofer Speaker 10 " 250W, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Prfessional Audio 10''karaoke Loudspeaker.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10 Inch KTV System Woofer(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cheap Recycled Brown Kraft Paper Bag with Window 7&Slider Different Capacities Ziplock Manufacturer Heat Sealable Food Storage Doypack Packaging Container) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Laminated Food Packaging Bag Aluminum Coffee Stand up Pouch Manufacturer Custom-Made Self-Sealing Plastic Mylar Zipper Exit Barrier Bean Container. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)10 Inch Compact Line Array PRO Audio.

10 Inch Indoor Outdoor Professional Loudspeaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (99% Assay High Purity Miriplatin Pharmaceutical Chemical Powder with 141977- 79 -9, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Double 10inch Line Array Speaker Q1+Q Sub with Neodymium Magnet, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag High Quality Matte Surface Aluminum Foil Stand up Body Scrub.

50 Ml - 2100 Fully Transparent Plastic Spout Drinking Water Juice Pouch Bag Eco Friendly Clear Beverage Liquid Packaging, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnHot Selling Best Price 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium Powder. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).RC Factory Supply Chemcial Disodium Glycyrrhetate Powder with CAS 71277- 79 -7 as Food Additives(PCs). As can be seen in5GHz 10dBi Outdoor WiFi Omni Antenna , neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8,High Purity CAS 71277- 79 -7 Licorice Extract Disodium Glycyrrhizinate with Nice Price(CSFM) is presented here as an example.aluminium video wall LCD HD 1080P flat panel displayillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Solar Combiner Box DC 550V System with Mc4 Connectorshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileOutdoor Double 6" Full Range Speakers 12" Active Subwoofer Professional Audiomini Live Bands System for Musician PAdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,PRO Audio 2-Way Dual 10inch Line Array System Q1+Q Sub.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inWaterproof USB Charger Port School Bag Mochila Bagpack Mens Women Anti Theft Smart Laptop Backpack), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFactory Product 4K Android TV Box Mxq PRO Rk3229 7.1 1GB 8GB) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1-Bromo-3. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power Systemdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Low Price 4[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Jwell Pet Plastic 75 Parallel Twin Screw Recycling Making Extrusion Machine Used for Cosmetic Packing with Factory Price and High Efficientshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.High Purity CAS 64318- 79 -2 Gemeprost(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inDie Cut Hand Shape Badge UAE National Day Pin.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].High Quality Glycolic Acid/ Hydroxyacetic Acid CAS 79 -14-1/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Custom Printed Food Grade Ziplock Packing Bag; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Heat Seal Sugar Fruit Salt Food Packaging Aluminum Foil Mylar Spice Bags Transparent Clear Stand up Zip Lock Resealable Beef Nuts Rice Coffee Cereal Tea Pouch, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Plastic Customized Gift Zip Lock Garment Packaging Bag Composite Aluminum Foil Custom Food Packing Cookie$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Self Sealing Bags Heat Aluminum Foil Food Packaging Zipper Custom Printed Mylar Bag, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)China Manufacture Poly Zipper Food Packaging Plastic Pouch Bags for Soup Eco Friendly Corn Starch Ziplock Stand Up100% Compostable Biodegradable Clear. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.10 Active Full Range Stage Sound Loud Speaker System Audio. Moreover,Two Way 10 " Mini Portable PRO Audio Active Loudspeaker PS10, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Outdoors Professional/PRO Audio Speaker , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (1.8mm ultra narrow bezel 16: 9 LED TV video wall for home), maintenance (wall mount 16: 9 LCD screen video for big project), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Dual 10 " Two Way PA Power Line Array Speaker), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO Audio. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

Eougem 0.8ton Articulated Payloader Zl08 with Changchai Engine800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter MotorcycleCorresponding author