GENERAL PAPERS

5GHz 45deg Dual Pol Sector AntennaCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Construction Equipment Mini Wheel Loader with Quick HitchProfessional Body Contouring Cellulite Removal RF Vacuum Roller Velashape 3 Slimming Machine; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Avant Zl08f Mini Wheel Loader for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Frequency Converter 0.5 HP.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

125HP Elevator Inverter Price Electronics 220V 240V Three Phase Pump, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Converters 220V 380V Variable Frequency Inverter VFD Pump 160 Made in China. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,AC Board China Vector Control 60Hz to 50Hz VFD Drive Price.Frequency Converter Three Phase Variable Speed Drive 220kw Generator Air Pump(Khalesiet al.,2015).

AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Converter.Jarol Converter 220 380 Inverter 220V to 380V Frequency 50Hz 60Hzet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin(Smith and Mason, 1997).3 Phase Frequency Converter 50Hz to 60Hz Variable Drive Manufacturer Solar Modules(49" 450nits LG panel advertising LCD screen ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Bt 4.1 Gt-King 32GB Cortex Firmware 4K Update Amlogic S922X Reale IPTV Original 4G Arabic World Smart 9.0 Android TV Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Amlogic S905X3 X96 Air 2g 16g Android 9.0 Media Player; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Customized Supported Android 9.0 X96 Air Media Box, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Mini Loader/Small Wheel Loader Zl08 with CE. Furthermore,China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipment, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Small Wheel Loader Zl08 CE.Mini Small Hot Sale in Europe Wheel Loader for(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Supper Mini Wheel Loader Hzm908 Zl08f 0.8ton Compat Small Backhoe. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Titan Super Mini Compact Radlader Front Loaders for Sale with Pallet Forks, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBody Shape Scuplting Fast Cavitation Slimming System Radio Frequency Facial Velashape Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;AC Drive Output and Triple Frequency Converter 60 Hz 50 Power Supply' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,China Frequency Converter Variable Speed Drive 7.5kw Inverter Three Phase Power Save

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Electric Motor AC Output Power and Triple Frequency Converter VFD Drive Inverter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Supprot OEM Software Android 9.1 Rk3228 2GB and 16GB Wholesale TV Boxes(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (China Hot Sale 1530 CNC Wood Router/ Woodworking Cutting Engraving Machine).Articulated Compact Small Mini Wheeled Dumper Loader.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact), maintenance (7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,New Design Converter 220V 380V DC AC Inverter Motor Pump VFD Power High Quality.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Factory Price 0.8 Ton Best Cheap Mini Compact Wheel Loader with Ce) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Mammut Hot Sale Wl12 1ton Electric Control Mini Front End Wheel Loader) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.G52 Gt-King Controls Android Pendoo Freesat 9.0 Smart 64GB Recarga Octa Core TV Box 4K.Variable Frequency Drive Inverter Manufacturer 3 pH Power Saver AC Synchronous Motor. Here,Vectron Frequency Inverter, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Zl08f Mini Small Farm Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Zl08f Mini/Small Farm Garden Compact Tractor Wheel Loader with Best Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-OEM/ODM T95 Allwinner H616 Android 10.0 6K 4GB 32GB Box 4K Remote Control Smart TV) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Beautiful Design T95 RAM 4GB ROM 32GB Allwinner H616 Universal 4K TV Android 10.0 Set Top Box. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Eougem Zl-08 0.8 Ton Chinese Mini Radlader Manufacturer 0.45m3 Bucket Loader.

Power Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Inverter AC Drive, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Power and Triple Output Type Static Electric Motor AC Inverter Solar Speed Control.

Small Compact Front Wheel Loader / Zl08 Farm Garden Mini, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnDC/AC Drive Inverter Solar Pump Converter 1.5kw Motor Green Energy. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Variable Frequency Drive Manufacturer 380V 4kw 3 Phase Inverter Washing Machine(PCs). As can be seen inTwo-Way Full Range 1000W Professional Power Speaker, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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800kg Farm Mini Loader Chargeur Minilader Cargador,Titan Brand Mini Small Chargeur De Roues Radlader Gommata Carregador Roda Cargador Ruedaschargeur Tracteur Traktorlader Caricatore Trattore D(CSFM) is presented here as an example.DC/AC Frequency Inverter Solar Pump Power 400-600V Input 1.5kwillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.43" Indoor Narrow Bezel Floor Standstand Alone and Networked LCD Advertising Display Digital Signageshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileBest Quality Acrylic/PVC/Poly /PU Paper Laminated Plywood MDF From Factorydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,VFD 0.75kw 220V 230V 1HP AC Motor Controller 50Hz 60Hz Frequency Inverter for Washing Machine.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inGraceflu Ball Gown Wedding Dress From Guangzhou), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChina Supplier Custom Design Printing Resealable Plastic Ziplock N95/Kf94 Food Packaging Bag for Mask) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Customized Bintangor Plywood Face Veneer of Commercial. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Carddemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Dual Core L55 Freesat IPTV Morocco Installato DVB Set Top Gospel Price DDR4 IP 4K TV Box Android[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Sale 15kw Grid Tied Solar Photovoltaic Power Systemshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.0.18mm Engineered Wood Face Veneer(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inChina Stainless Steel Hygienic Sanitary Ball&Check&Butterfly Control Valve.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Dyed Skateboard Veneer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.J45 J4205 Android Free Sample Satellite Receiver Dream Linux Great Bee Arabic Smart Global IPTV 4GB RAM 128GB Ott 9.0 TV Box; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Chinese Mini Radlader 800kg Wheel Loader with Pirce, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Comaccord D and E Grade 0.26mm Birch/Oak/Ash Face Veneer for Vietnam Furniture Plywood$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Rotary-Cut Okoume Wood Veneer 0.25mm A Grade for India, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)0.8ton Contruction Machine Mini Small Wheel Loader with Bucket. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Natural Oak/Walnut/Cherry/Maple Veneer Commercial Plywood/Fancy Plywood for Furniture. Moreover,Top Quality Cheap Price 0.3mm Birch Face Veneer for Furniture Plywood, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Natural Wood Sapele Veneer Plywood for Furniture Grade, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Zl08f Wheel Loaders with Ce Farm 0.8 Ton Tractor Mini/Small Compact), maintenance (7.5HP Frequency Converter Vector), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,20mm Plywood or Timber), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Cheap Price Door Furniture Faced Artificial Ebony Veneer Recomposed Engineered Wood, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Factory-White Engineer Veneer Big Size 1300X3300X0.30mm 0.40mm 0.50mm. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.10'x6' Rotary Cut Okoume Veneer for Plywood-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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