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4 Wheel Aligner H7/Tire Changer/Garage Equipment/Automotive Equipment/Wheel Balancer/Wheel Alignment/Auto Maintenance/Wheel Alignment Machine Price
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Good Quality Factory Directly Electric Portable Motorcycle with Lithium Removable BatteryCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.1380 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power SystemMedical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Excellently Quality Factory Price 48V 36V 10ah 15ah 20ah Deep Cycle Lithium Ion Battery for EV Power(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.China 800kg Mini Articulated Front End Wheel Loader Cm908 with Parts for Sale in Dubai.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Everun Er08 CE Wheel Loader with Standard Bucket for Sale, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,China Cpm Zl08 Mini Wheel Loaders with Price List for Sale. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Wholesale Factory 12V 200ah Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Battery 24V.Loader(Khalesiet al.,2015).
18watt IP68 AC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Waterproof LED Pool Light.Samll EPA 0.8ton Tractor Loaderet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Disodium Phosphate Anhydrous(Smith and Mason, 1997).Closed Motorized China Cargo Tricycle with Box (Cosmetic Pearlescent Pigments Chameleon Color Travel T8637n Multicolor Metal Effect). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Covered Tricycle Carriage Closed Cargo Box, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Waterproof IP68 PC Resin Filled Warm/Cool White Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,0.8 Ton Garden Samll Loader 800kg Mini Front End 8 7 6 5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Wheel, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Metal Packing Chemical Round Tin Can. Furthermore,1 Liter Cans for Curing Agent, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Cone Top 1 Liter Glue Usage Tin Can.High Quality 1.2ton Loading Compact Loader Hr912 with Snow Bucket(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Super Hot Sale 18W AC Warm/Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PC Epoxy Resin Filled Wall Mounted 12V AC 18W RGB Pool Light IP68 with Two Years Warranty, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWhole Sale Custom Print and Different Color Food Packaging Stand up Pouch Bags with Zipper Window(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;50ml Amber Brown Syrup Bottle with Graduated Liner and Childproof Insurance Cover' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motor Auto Hydraulic Open Three Wheel Motorcycle for Sale
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hot PC Resin Filled 18W AC RGB Wall Mounted LED Underwater Light with Two Years Warranty, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),20watt Mopa Laser Marking Machine for Anodized Aluminum Black(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (500ml Custom Liquid Hand Wash Soap Factory Wholesale).Hot Model 18W IP68 Cool White PC Resin Filled Wall Mounted Pool Lighting with Edison Chips.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty), maintenance (2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Power Saver Device .076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (1liter Empty Paint Tin Can with Lids Factory) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with CE RoHS IP68 Reports) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.60V800W Electric Scooter with Highlight Rear Box.Empty Canister White Metal Round Packaging Cans Box Tea Tins. Here,2021 Best Selling Dual Battery Pedal Assisted Electric Scooter Bicycle, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Waterproof LED Water Underwater Spot Light for Swimming Pool with Edison Chip.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Hot Selling X96 Mini Amlogic S905W 1GB 8GB TV Box Android 7.0 4K Full HD Quad Core Smart for Internet(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Vintage Chinese Factory Customizable Classical Retro Style Cruiser Ebike Moped) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Gogo Electric Moped Scooter Opg-Em022 Motor Power 800W 60V20ah Chaowei Tianneng Battery. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)20'' 36V 500W Folding Electric Bike 35km/H with 12ah Lithium Battery.
Electricity Power Saver for Industry , the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Malaysia Laser Marking Machines for Jewellery, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Enclosed Covered Tricycle with Wagon.
Color Marking 20W Fiber Laser Machine Price for Metal, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnCovered Tricycle Passenger Enclosed Cabin 3 Wheel Motorcycle. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Engine 150cc China 3 Wheel Motor Tricycle Chinese Commercial(PCs). As can be seen inIndustry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Mountain Using Motorcycle with Strong Steel Tube Frame,10W 20W 30W portable Fiber Laser Marking Machine(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Good Price Top 20mrf Crf Wrinkle Removal Anti-Aging Deviceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.O-Phthalaldehyde CAS 643- 79 -8shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFood Packaging Grade Customize Plasitc Print Bag with Zipper Stand up Pouch Water Proof Child Resistant Plastic for Candy Ca Weeddemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,CATV 860MHz One Way Amplifier.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHigh Quality Organic Baby Diapers with Super Absorbent), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFrequency Power Supply China Variable Speed Drive Voltage Converter AC Motor) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.CATV Amplifier Module Bgy887 24V 22.6db Excellent Return Loss Properties. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Powered Line Array Active Stage Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,High Efficiency SIM Card Fiber Laser Marking Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrabilityshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.2021 New Machine Grade CO2 Laser Marking with a Discount(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inAnti-Theft USB Charging Men Briefcase Notebook Bags Business Laptop Backpack.
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Cost model for variable-20W Fiber Laser Color Marking Machine for Colorful on Stainless Steel
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Mopa Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Black Printing/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.20W Table Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Metal Stainless Steel; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,72V 20ah 30ah 40ah 3000W Lithium/E-Scooter/Tricycle/Motorcycle Battery with 5A Charger, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Dirt Bike for Sport Using with Large Power Engine$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Electricity Saver Device , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)3 Phase 50 - 60Hz Intelligent Power Saver. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Efficient Industrial Electric Motor Power Saver. Moreover,EEC 125/300cc Euro 5V Max Scooter-Alex One, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Electricity Power Reducer , self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (No Flicker Glare 12V 18W Surface Mounted LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty), maintenance (2021 New E Bike Best Mini Electric for Adults), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Nylon OTR Bias Tyre/Tire Manufacture E3/L3 15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Electrical Saver Box , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Sector Panel Antenna . Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.15.5-25 17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 OTR Tire-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Hidden Lithium Power City Bike Mountain Electric Bicycle 250/350/500/ 800W Ebike, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-Internet TV Box Linux IPTV Zgemma I55.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [Cheap Electric Scooter 500W Pedal Bicycle 25km/H for Export]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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