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P2.6
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Drive Motor Solar Pump Inverter Air Compressor Frequency Converter DivingCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw CabinFull Range Portable Multi-Fuction Speaker Box ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Frequency Converter 50HP Three Phases(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3HP Three Phase Frequency Converter.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,10HP Three Phase Frequency Converter. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,957 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.China E-Bike Manufacturer Dropship Electro Motorcycle Electric Beach Cruiser Bicycle Chopper for Girls(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Zl08 0.8t Hot Sale Small Yard Loader Mini Tractor Front End.Wl80 Mini Loader with Yanmar Engineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 1392 Hot Selling Install 5kw on-Grid Solar Systems 12kw Grid- Tied Kit for Home Power System(Smith and Mason, 1997).Lithium Battery Brushless Adult Bike 350W 400W 500W 48V Electric Motorcycle(Shrink Wrapping Machine for Water Packing ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Solar Energy System 10kw 15kw Grid Tied Hybrid PV, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,2385 Alicosolar Easily Install 10kw on Grid Solar System 10kVA Kit with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Red Oak Veneered MDF for Interior Design and Renovations. Furthermore,Zl08 0.8ton China Articulated Tractor Front End Wheel Loader Yard, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Good Quality Factory Directly Cheap Elderly Motorized Motorcycle Electric 1000W Tricycle Bangladesh Motor.Everun Brand Mini Front End Loader 0.8 Ton Wheel(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Zl08 800kg China Small Garden Tractor with Front Loader Yard. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Hot Sale 48V 20ah Powerful Chinese Chopper Electric Motorcycle 350W for Adults, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inISY SDC TCM ID Mounted Pipe Beveling Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Yn725 Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw Cabin' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Rosen 1kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,475 Alicosolar Good Quality 15kw on Grid Solar System 15000W Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for House Use, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),959 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Australian-Style Waterproof Socket 060201).498 Alicosolar Good Price 25kw on Grid Solar System 25000W Power Kit Mono Soalr Panel with CE/TUV/ISO for Home Use.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery), maintenance (955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,0.18mm Zebra Wooden Veneer.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Europe Popular 5kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System with Ce) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (High Grade Block Board for Furniture Produce) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.954 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate.952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate. Here,32oz Metallic Glue Tin Can_1liter with Screw Cap and Brush, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality B/C/D/E Grade Wood/Natural Engineered Teak Poplar Birch Veneer.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Dah Solar 100kw System Price on Grid Tied Inverter for Commercial Use(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-China Factory Pricing Empty Round Food Grade Nut Tin Cans) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,High Performance 6kw Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Oil Treatment Packaging Tin Container Can.
Rosen 8kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Factory-Slicer Natural American Red Oak Veneer in 0.50mm, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Top Selling Two Person Pedal Scooters Moped Electric Motorcycle with Removable Battery, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Custom Waterproof and Oil Sealing Round Metal Tin Can.
CE Er08 Mini Wheel Loader with One-Year Warranty for Sale, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnInnopack Tin Can with Brush Round Oil Cans. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Alcohol/ Refrigerating Fulid Screw Top Can with Brush Wholesale(PCs). As can be seen inLow Price Malonic Acid / Propanedioic CAS 141-82-2, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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3 Liter Tin Packing Chemical Can with Spout,Food Grade Round Tin Can for Welded Milk Powder Packaging(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Cold/Hot Rolled Uns S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel Sheet and Plate Priceillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Cheap 500W Professional Audio Speakers Dual 15 Inch Speaker shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while500W Air-Cooled Wide Band UHF Digital TV Transmitter DTVdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,1gallon Round Metallic Tin Can with Metal Handle for Paint.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inYishan 180HP reliable hydraulic bulldozer TY180 with Komatsu technology), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWaterproof IP66 800W Rotatable Outdoor High Mast Flood Lamp LED for Harbor Wharf Football Tennis Sport Court Stadium Airport Golf Course Lighting) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Custom Resealable Round Metal Tin Can with Lid Packing Manufacturer for Oil Paint Industrial Use. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.High Quality 18W RGB Resin Filled LED Surface Mounted Underwater Pool Lightdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,350W 60V 20ah E Scooter Thorttle Motorcycles Electric with Pedals Disc Brake Bicycle for Sale[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.AC Manufacturer 3 pH Compressor Solar Pump Inverter VFD Voltage Convertershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Fluid Storage Containers Lubricants for Use(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFree Samples Disposable Adult Diapers in Bulk for Adults Diaper Factory.
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Cost model for variable-0.8t 800kg Small Loader
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Direct High Quality Glue Round Tin Cans with Brush/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.350-1500W 48-72V Smart Cheap Motorcycle for Adults Heavy Duty Electric; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Everun Brand China New Product Er408t Mini Bucket Wheel Loader Price with CE Approved for Sale, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Reconstituted Composite Woven Veneer Braided$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Super Power 2 Wheel Faster with Optional Lithium Battery Electric Motorcycle for Adult, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Roof Mounting 20kw Grid Tied Solar Power System Home. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Yn725g Yineng Mini Wheel Loader 18.5kw No Cabin. Moreover,Wolf 0.8t Mini Loader with Grass Fork, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Everun Brand 0.8ton Compact Wheel Loader with 4in1 Bucket, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hybrid Solar Energy System 5kw 30kw on Grid Inverter with Lithium Battery), maintenance (955 Alicosolar 33kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Zl08f Wheel Loader with Rops Cab), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.2HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,7.5HP Three Phase Frequency Converter. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.3HP 1 Phase Frequency Converter-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Three Phase 380V/ 0.75kw~710kw AC Drive/VFD Speed Controller Frequency Converter/InverterModern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa SetCorresponding author