GENERAL PAPERS

High-Performance Three Phase Frequency Converter 380V 50/60HzCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.CAS: 79 -44-7 Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Sulfonic Acid for Exogenous Biological Compounds; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Diesel Engine Eim630-465 12V Eim630-466 24V 258 -9755 PCB650-091 650-092 Generator PCB Controller Panel Circuit Board Interface Module Speed(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Good Quality CAS: 97240- 79 -4 Topiramate Powder Price.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

High Purity 99% Intermediate 1, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Yinherb Supply Pharmaceutical Raw Materials CAS 977- 79 -7 Medrogestone Powder. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Tretinoin with Good Price .Cosmetic Raw Material CAS 20449- 79 -0 Extract Powder Bee Venom Melittin(Khalesiet al.,2015).

Fg Controller Generator Engine Interface Module Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755.High Purity Organic Intermediate  1et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Agriculture Fertilizer N 21% Ammonium Sulfate(Smith and Mason, 1997).Generator Interface Module Eim Basic 258 -9753 for Fg Wilson Engine(952 Alicosolar 30kw on Grid Solar Home System with Power Inverter CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Engine Interface Model Eim 630-465 630-466 630-088 Olympian Massey Module Replace Fg Wilson Speed Controller 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Diesel Engine Set Wilson Parts Eim Module Interface C3.3 C4.4 Motorcycle Generator Auto Spare 258 -9753 -9755 12V 24V, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.5kw 10kw Stc Three Phase AC Synchronous 15kw Brush Alternator. Furthermore,Replace Fg Wilson Engine Interface Module Eim Plus Basic 258 -9755 -9753, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Engine Controller Model Eim Basic 258 -9756.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module Controller Eim Basic MK3 258 -9755(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator , 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inCAS No. 63428-84-2 High Gloss Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin PA for Printing Ink(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Supplier 1' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box., blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),7.5kVA St Series Single Phase Generator (CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (1 Piece Heart Shaped Makeup Brush Foundation Powder Blush Cosmetic Tool).Wholesale 8inch 10inch 12 Inch 15inch DJ Speakers Professional Stage Audio.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Array), maintenance (Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (CAS: 74- 79 -3 Amino Acid L-Arginine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Glycolic Acid Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 /a-Hydroxyacetic.St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator. Here,Stc-50kw/62.5kVA Three Phase AC Brush Alternator for Diesel Generator, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Veterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-100% Copper Wire St-5kw Single Phase Brush Generator) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Home Theater Speaker. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Dual 6" Coaxial Full Range Speaker for Entertainment Room.

12inch Stage Monitor Speaker, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (KTV Single 8" Full Range Audio&Sets, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

St-2kw 230V/50Hz Single Phase Brush Alternator for Sale, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Stc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Sale.

St 5kw Single Phase AC Electric Alternator Generator, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnWilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basic(PCs). As can be seen inYangtze Solar Power Grid Tied System Home 5kw 5K, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Face Veneer Nature Bamboo for Fancy Plywoodshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina Ophthalmic Equipmentdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Set.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inConstruction Machinery Attchment Skid Steer Loader Concrete Placer Bucket with 1500mm), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromJwell - TPU Roll Car Paint Protection Matt Cast Film Machine) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.43" Dual Screen LCD Ad Player Full HD Double Display All in One No Touch Android Advertise System. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Inkdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.10 " Woofer Speaker(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPersonal Emergency Care Product / Ice Bag.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Kinetin; CAS No: 525- 79 -1; 6-Furfurylaminopurine; 6-Kt, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.China Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality. Moreover,White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylinder, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Array), maintenance (Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensets-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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