GENERAL PAPERS

China Ophthalmic EquipmentCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Generator Parts Engine Interface Module 12V Controller Eim Plus 258 -9754Detergent Grade Sodium Tripolyphosphate 94% CAS No: 7758- 79 -4; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.100% Copper Wire St Series Single Phase Generator / Alternator (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Supplier 1, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.100% Copper Wire Stc Series Three Phase AC Dynamo/Generator /  Alternator .

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

Stc-3 3kw Stc-5 5kw Stc-10 10kw Three Phase Alternator, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,24kVA St Series Single Phase Generator . In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,20 Days Delivery! 100% Copper Wire Stc-3kw Three Phase Alternator.20kVA St Series Single Phase Generator (Khalesiet al.,2015).

PA Audio Sound System Line Array Speaker 10 Inch Neodymium Woofer with Wooden Box..7.5kVA St Series Single Phase Generator et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Cheap Electric Scooter for Two Seats 60V800W20ah with USB Charger(Smith and Mason, 1997).Wholesale 8inch 10inch 12 Inch 15inch DJ Speakers Professional Stage Audio(5 Liter Round Empty Protein Powder Jars for Sports Food/HDPE Plastic Container). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)2 Way Passive 10 " Professional PRO Audio PA Line Array, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator ; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,China Factory Price CAS 302- 79 -4 Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a Powder, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Stc Series Three Phase Dynamo Generator . Furthermore,CAS: 74- 79 -3 Amino Acid L-Arginine, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Glycolic Acid Cosmetic Grade CAS 79 -14-1 /a-Hydroxyacetic.St-10kw/kVA Single Phase Brush Type Electric Generator(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Stc-50kw/62.5kVA Three Phase AC Brush Alternator for Diesel Generator. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Veterinary Use Bulk Pirce of Oxytetracycline CAS: 79 -57-2, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inJwell - TPU Roll Car Paint Protection Matt Cast Film Machine(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;100% Copper Wire St-7.5kw Single Phase Alternator Factory Price' names:

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The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Stc-12kw/15kVA Three Phase AC Electric Generator on Sale(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Full Automatic 8 Feet CNC Core Veneer Peeling Machine---Adjust Knife Space by PLC).St 5kw Single Phase AC Electric Alternator Generator.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control), maintenance (258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basic) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,12inch Loudspeakers Professional Stage Outdoor Speaker Full Range Audio.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Android Digital Signage Intelligent Hand Sanitizer Display) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (55 Inch Outdoor Double-Side LCD Display Self Service Airport Kiosk Touch Screen Multimedia Information) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.New Brand Diesel Engine with Four Stroke Multy-Cylinder Used for Generator Set.LCD Digital Signage 21.5 Inch Automatic Induction Hand Sanitizer Billboards. Here,43" Dual Screen LCD Ad Player Full HD Double Display All in One No Touch Android Advertise System, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Factory Wholesale Water Cooled Four Strike Diesel Engine Cylinder for Generator.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10 " Woofer Speaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-High Brightness Stand Alone Advertising Kiosk for Government) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Factory Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate 20.5%N Steel Grade for Agriculture. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Speed 258kw 6 Cylinder Industrial Diesel Engine for Electric.

21% Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate Caprolactam Grade Crystalline, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Super Quality and Best Price Nitrogen Fertilizer Ammonium Sulfate N21%, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Water Cooled Diesel Engine Color Custom for Power Generator Set, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Direct Injection Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder 4-Stroke Used for Electric Generator Sets.

Nitrogen Fertilizers Agriculture N20.5% Granular Ammonium Sulphate, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andnChina Weichai Steyr 258 -450kw Marine Diesel Engine Wp6 Boat with High Quality. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).White Crystalline Ammonium Sulphate for Compound Fertilizer(PCs). As can be seen inCo-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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in Line Multy-Cylinder Diesel Engine for Power Generator Set,6-Cylinder Diesel Engine Water Coolant for Electric Generator Set(CSFM) is presented here as an example.China Manufacturer 5000W Grid Tied Home Solar Energy System Low Costillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Deisel Engine for Silent Power Generator with 6-Cylindershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2021 Selling The Best Quality Cost-Effective Products LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warrantydemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,in Line Direct Injection Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inHot Sale 65 Inch 4K Smart Digital Big Screen TV), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromProfessional Powered Line Array Selfpowered Speakers Active System) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.6-Cylinder Diesel Engine with Four-Strke for Silent Generator Set. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Seal Kits Hyundai R210-7 Boom Cyl Arm Bucketcyl Oildemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke Used for Cylinder Generator Set[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containersshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Direct Injection Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator Set(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFenoxaprop-P-Ethyl 95%Tc.

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Cost model for variable-Water Cooled Cylinder Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Nitrogen 21% Granular Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Professional Manufacturer Ammonium Sulphate Crystal Fertilizer; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,China Supplier 1, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

Best Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Nitrogen Fertilizer N21% Min Ammonium Sulphate White Granular, indicated inTransparent Ceramics Hot Press Sintering Furnace, and major extrapolation should be avoided.

Wholesale Ammonium Sulphate with SGS and Coa Certificate$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Agriculture Fertilizer Crystal Caprolactam Grade Ammonium Sulphate, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Color Custom Diesel Engine Used for Generator Set with Four-Stroke. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Ammonium Sulphate N21% Powder+Crystal+Granular Steel+Capro. Moreover,Factory Price Ammonium Sulfate for Crystal Compound Fertilizer, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Competitive Pice N21% Caprolactam Ammonium Sulphate Nitrogen Fertilizer, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Wilson Parts Eim Module Engine Interface 258 -9753 2589755 Control), maintenance (258 -9754 Electric Engine Interface Moudle 12V Eim Basic), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Water Cooling Diesel Engine with 6-Cylinder for Power Generator), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.258kw 6cylinder Wd Series Diesel Engine for Generator Set , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R²,Color Custom in-Line Diesel Engine for Generator Sets. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.in Line Water Cooled Diesel Engine for Generator with Good Quality-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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