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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
PVC Marble Coated Decorative Sheet Production Line ExtruderCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Industry Saveing Box Foil Liquid Packaging Stand up Spout Pouch Food Bag; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Industry Saveing Box (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Electricity Saving Device 600amp .
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
250cc Motor Cabin Tricycle Cargo with Canopy, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Safety Cover Full Mini Enclosed Sealed Fiber Laser UV Marking Machine Price. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine.Flying Laser Marking System Marker(Khalesiet al.,2015).
800W Color Fashion Electric Motorcycle.20W 30W 50W 150X150mm 200X200mm Lens Metal Steel Fiber Laser Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Generator Set(Smith and Mason, 1997).Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labels(Pest control Flies Cockroaches Mosquitos spray Deltamethrin 2.5%SC). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Electric Bike 800W ODM Mountain Ebike with Powerful Motor, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Latest Electric Scooter 800W Citycoco; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,16/24 Channel RF Combiner Passive Mixer, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.150cc Cheap Open Gas Reverse Trike . Furthermore,Sport Using Motor Vehicle with Sealed Chain Final Drive, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-GS-a 12mm CATV Fixed RF Attenuator.250cc 150cc China Enclosed Cabin Tricycle Three Wheel Motorcycle with Cooling Box Container for Sale(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Automatic High Effective Medical Ultrasound Bone Densitometer . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (New 50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro 4, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inLiving Room Furniture(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Motorbicycle for Well Done Accessories
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,16 in 1 CATV Modulator Fixed Frequency, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),8 Channels HDMI to DVB-T Modulator(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (High Brightness Supermarket Advertising Stadium P4 P5 P6 P8 P10 mm Full Color Screen Waterproof Indoor Outdoor LED Display).Medical Equipment Ho-200 Ophthalmic a/B Ultrasound Scanner.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function), maintenance (Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,China Enclosed Ice Cream Tricycle Three Wheel Cargo with Cooling Box.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (New Racing Motorcycle) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Cheap 3 Wheel Cargo Tricycle with Box ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Clinical Equipment Portable Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Hospital.Motorcycle for 1405mm of Wheel Base. Here,IN-BA1 Excellent Ultrasound Bone Densitometer for Adults and Children from China, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-5150-5850MHz Sector Panel Antenna with 2*16dBi Gain for Best Design.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.China Ophthalmic Equipment(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Hot Sale Jincheng Jc200t-8 Scooter Motorcycle with Good Price) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,China Gas Scooters 2 Stroke Euro 4 125cc Moto Moped Motor EPA 49cc 50cc 150cc EEC Motorcycle Gasoline Scooter. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Best Selling Ophthalmic Ultrasound a/B Scanner Full Digital Touch Screen.
Ho-100 Ophthalmic Ultrasound a Scan Pachymeter, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Sy-AC51 Best Price 128 Elements Wireless Probe with Color Doppler, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Innopack 1L Square Engine Oil Tin Can with Screw Cap Manufacturer, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,1L Round Tin Pail with Sealed Lid and Plastic Handle for Paint Use.
5GHz Antenna High Gain 29dBi, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 2.4G Network System. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Sector Antenna 5GHz(PCs). As can be seen inProfessional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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2.4G- 5GHz Fiberglass Omni Antenna with 8dBi Gain WLAN/WiFi,2.4- 5GHz MIMO Omni Antenna with 11dBi(CSFM) is presented here as an example.L-Pyroglutamic Acidillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Inkshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAir Drive Multiple Capable Loose Tubes Pipes Beveling Machinedemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,2.4- 5GHz Omni Antenna .
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inMDF PVC Solid Wood Bathroom Vanity Cabinet Factory Directly), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromChild Resistant Stand up Exit Bag) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.1L Tin Can for Oil. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Power Amplifier Module Board + Made in China 400 Watt AMPdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Trade Peak Lowest Price for 150cc ATV[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.China Original Mini Bucket 0.8ton Wheel Loader Yz908 Construction Equipmentshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.L-Guard Factory L-5 OTR Tires 23.5-25 P. R. 20(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inNature Series White Artificial Engineered Quartz Stone Countertop/Vanity Top /Island/ Benchtop.
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Cost model for variable-2021 New China Adult Tricycle Motor Cargo for Sale
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Wholesale China High Quality OTR Tyre 17.5-25 G2 Pattern./min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Suzhou Innopack 1L Metal Rectangular Tin with Screw Cap in Low Price; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Motorcyle with Bore * Stroke 66*58.2 mm, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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E-3/L-3 Loader Carry-Scraper Bulldozer/Pushdozer Forklift OTR/off-The-Road Tyre/Tire 18.00-25$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.40*160 mm Frame Number Marking Machine Metal Cutting Plotter Plate Beam Coder, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Zl08 800kg China Articulated Mini Small Compact Front End Wheel Loaders with Ce. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Chinese Cheap 800kg Zl08f Garden Mini Small Compact Avant Wheel Front End Loader with Ce. Moreover,OTR Heavy Loader Tyre L5 20.5-25 Size Best Price, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Mars Solar 30kw Power System on Grid Tied Micro Sine Wave Inverter, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Motor Vehicle for High Speed and Stable Function), maintenance (Outdoor 750MHz One Way CATV Trunk Amplifier ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,1167 Single Phase 3 110V/220V/380vgrid- Tied Inverter for Residential or Commercial Application 3kw-80kw), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.L5 Nylon Mining Loader OTR Tyre 20.5-25 off-The-Road Tire, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Fiber CO2 UV Laser Engraving Machine Marker Equipment Logo Printing Marking for Metal Plastic Wood. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Lithium Polymer Battery Mica 3.7V Mc602540 550mAh Li Pack for Electronic Device-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Pharmaceutical Chemicals Cefodizime Sodium CAS 86329- 79 -5Professsional Audio Professional Line Array Musical Instrument SystemCorresponding author