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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Water Treatment Disodium Phosphate Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.High Toughness and Tensile Strength Resin 610Camping Power / RV LiFePO4 Energy Storage Portable Generator 3.8kwh 80A Enjoys 2 Years Warranty; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Toughness High Engineering Plastics 610 for Auto Parts(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.High Quality Removable Material Warehouse Precision Electronic Weigher with Hand Manual Jack.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Line, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Automatic Tool Changing CNC Router with 9kw Hsd Spindle. Wood Door Carving Atc. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Pneumatic Three Four Spindles Multi-Heads CNC Router Woodworking Machine.Disc Atc Automatic Tools Changer Wood CNC Router Woodworking Machine(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Tank Dust Removing Machine with Filter Cartridge.Quadrant Stainless Steel Shower Room with 8mm Tempered Glasset al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for 5GHz 18dBi Dual Polarized Enclosure Antenna (Smith and Mason, 1997).HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Machinery(Ce Approved Ho-100 Eyes Hospital Use Ophthalmic Ultrasound Scanner). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Factory Price 1325 Atc CNC Router Automatic Tool Change Machinery, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).HDPE Water/Gas Supply Pipe Extrusion Equipment; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,45cm High Tray Toughened Glass Curved Quadrant Shower Cabin, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Bathroom 8mm Glass Full Arc Quadrant Enclosed Shower Door. Furthermore,Plastic Pipe Production Extrusion Line, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Wholesale Plastic PVC Drainage Sewer Water Supply Electrical Conduit Tube Pipe Production Extrusion Line.New Quadrant Shower Enclosure with One Pivot Door(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Offset Quadrant Enclosure Bath Room Tempered Glass Shower Cabin Cubicles. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (China Direct Supply CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inChinese Factory Direct Supply Lithium Battery Electric Scooter LCD Display Motorcycle E-Scooter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Quadrant Framed Grey Glass Shower Enclosure Sliding Door Simple Room' names:
►HDPE PE PPR Pipe Making Machine: based on 36-foot,NBR Nitril 80 Duro Rubber X Ring /Quad,EPDM 50 Duro As568 Rubber O Ring,Cheap Price Nice Mini Seal Viton/FKM X Rings, and level control
►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Rectangle Sliding Strip Glass Door Quadrant Bathroom
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Shurong Made Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5% Ec CAS No. 52918-63-5, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Enclosure AS3912T-90(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Medical Conoravirus Prevention 3ply Disposable Face Mask for Hospital Doctor Nurse Patient Use White List).PVC CPVC UPVC Material Conduit Gas Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Extrusion Production Line.
Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator), maintenance (Wear-Resistant PU O Ring) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Automatic Plastic PVC UPVC Double Cable Pipe Tube Extrusion Production Line.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Acrylic Film Quadrant Frosted Glass Shower Cubicle with Low Tray ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Plastic PVC CPVC UPVC Sewage/ Pressure Pipe& Electrical Conduit Cable Pipe/Tube /Single Corrguated Pipe ) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Plastic HDPE Pipe Production Line.China Reliable Supplier Portable Cement Silo Dust Collector. Here,Dust Collector for Granite Welding, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Dust Collector Cages Surface Grinding Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Dust Collector Hammer Mill Shaker(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gold Dust Collector Cement Filter Bag) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Low Water Absorption Polymer 610. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)High Impact Strength and Low Water Absorption Resin 610.
CAS No. 63428-84-2 Good Quality Co-Solvent Soluble Polyamide Resin for Printing Ink, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Plastic PE Pipe Production Line, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Non Standard Eco Friendly Rubber Seal O-Ring, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,High Quality Elasticity Competitve Nitrile X Ring.
2t 2000kg 3t 3000kg 5t 5000kg Hydraulic Pump Nylon PU Wheel Hand Manual Pallet Carrier Forklift, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnKing Quenson Customized Label Deltamethrin 2.5 Ec China Supplier. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Insecticide Deltamethrin powder 5% WP 2.5% EC(PCs). As can be seen inMetal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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King Quenson Best Selling Deltamethrin 2.5% Wp Insecticide Manufacturer,Pest control Flies Cockroaches Mosquitos spray Deltamethrin 2.5%SC(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Solvent Violet G 49 for Plasticillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Radlader Zl08 Mini Wheel Loader for Agriculture Workshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileAll Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheeldemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Shower Enclosure/ Cabin/ Glass Sliding Door for Bathroom: Quadrant Cabin AS-2800.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inOEM Private Label 8ml Soak off UV Gel Polish), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPoplar Film Faced Plywood Board with Carb Certificate) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
Plastic PVC/CPVC Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage Pressure Pipe/Gas Hose/ Profile/Sheet Extrusion &Extruding Production Line Price
Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.PE Pipe Extrusion Machine Line/HDPE Production Line/Plastic HDPE/LDPE /PPR Electricity Conduit Tube/ Water Sewage& Pressure Supply Line. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drivedemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Water/Gas-Supply PP PE HDPE Plastic Pipe/Tube Extrusion Making Machine[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Hot Selling High Quality CAS. 56-95-1 Chlorhexidine Acetateshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Jwell Plastic PVC Water Sewage/ Pressure& Electricity Conduit Pipe/Tube/ Window Profile/Sheet (a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inFactory Directly Sale Bathroom Corner Message Bathtub Jacuzzi Whirlpool Bath Hot Tub.
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Cost model for variable-Plastic PE PP HDPE PPR Pipe Making Machine Extrusion Production Line
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Water and Gas Supply HDPE Pipe Extrusion Production Line 315mm/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic Ink; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Three Heads Woodworking Machine Atc CNC Router, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Polyamide Resin for Gravure Plastic and Paper Printing Ink. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Good Solution Polyamide Resin PA for Untreated Film Sunmide, indicated inBrown Black Opaque Chemical Industrial Container 100ml Flip Top Cap Bottle, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Easy Operating Manual Hand Pallet Truck Forklift Scale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Co-Solvent Polyamide Resin for Untreated Film Printing Ink, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)20 mm 20mm PVC Pipe Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide Resin. Moreover,Polyamide PA Resin CAS No.: 63428-84-2 for Untreated Film Sunmide, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Alcohol Solvent Polyamide Resin for Paper Gravure Printing Ink, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Industrial Dust Collector Ash Separator Precipitators Dirt Catcher Electrostatic Precipitator), maintenance (Wear-Resistant PU O Ring), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Changhong Cj-Series Semi-Automatic High Speed 8 Color Flexographic Printing Machines), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Hot Sale Popular Use Insecticide Deltamethrin 2.5 Sc for Crop Health, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,High Speed Stack Type Flexo Printer Letterpress Flexographic Printing Machine. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Small Cheap Quadrant Simple Fiberglass Hinge Shower Enclosure -feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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