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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253

J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â

GENERAL PAPERS

Strong Corrosion Resistance High Overload Pressure SensorCost modelling for flotation machines

S. Arfania; A.R.Variable Frequency Converter Type Input 3 pH Drive Price Power Inverter Fan Motor10 Inch KTV System Woofer; M.R. Khalesi

Tarbiat Modares University, Iran


SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.General Type Input 3 pH 380V Frequency Converter Variable AC Drive(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Teak Wood Veneer Woven Design for Plywood Door.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.


Introduction

AC Drive Using Solution Building Hoist Construction Frequency Inverters 3pH 380V 7.5kw, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Zl08 Wheel Loader Wl80 Wolf Mini. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Zl08 0.8ton Articulated Hydraulic Farm Wheel Loader Tractor.Popular hot selling 0.8ton mini wheel loader/ front end loader with bucket on sale(Khalesiet al.,2015).

China New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pump.3 Phase AC Drive for Water Pump and Fanet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Metal Fiber Ring Color Laser Engraving Machine(Smith and Mason, 1997).910 Alicosolar 10kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(Guangzhou Manufacturer Empty Anti Bacterial Diesel Additive Can for Fuel Cleaner). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)E0 Glue1250*2500mm Wenge Engineer Veneer for Decoration, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Wood Woven and Strand Bamboo Veneer Sheets; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Rotary Cut Bintagor Veneer for Panels and Furniture with Good Price, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.High Quanlity 1 Phase 3 AC Drive VFD for Pump. Furthermore,Factory-Okoume Veneer 0.25mm-0.60mm in a and B Grade, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Engineered Ebony Veneer Ecowood Reconstituted Macassar Quarter Cut.899 Alicosolar 9kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home CE/TUV/ISO Cretificate(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.Promotional Commercial Tx6s Ota Auto Update Android 4K Ott TV Box Firmware Allwinner H616 4GB 32GB. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (3phase VFD, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in50Hz 60Hz 220V/380V Vector Control AC Variable Frequency Drive(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;0.75kw 1HP AC Frequency Inverter' names:

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Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wl80 Mini Loader From Wolf

Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Wolf Mini Wheel Loader Wl950 Farm, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Zl08 0.8 Ton Mini/Small Articulated Hydraulic Front End Wheel Loader(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Custom Plastic Little Ghost Small Toys for Halloween Gifts).Tin Cans with Metal Cover for Paint or Chemical Packaging.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing), maintenance (5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal Pail.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin.Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top. Here,Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV.

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paint. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap.

Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle.

Euro5, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnRetro Scooters. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel(PCs). As can be seen inJarol Solar Inverter 5.5kw 3 Phase, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle,72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Ash Solid Wood decoration Boardillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Dual 12" Subwoofer Speaker Boxshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHigh Fidelity Professional Line Array Speaker demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,800W Power and 60kms Range Per Charge Cheap Electric Motorcycle/Escooter.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in290mm Super Absorbent Regualar Extra Care Sanitary Pads), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Universal LPG Gas Completed ECU Conversion Kitdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Empty Round Tin Can Paint Package Container[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Euro5shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inEpoxy Resin 32 Oz Kit for Super Gloss Coating and Table Tops.

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Cost model for variable-Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can

As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,0.8ton Agricultural Tractor Mini/Small Front Wheel Loader, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container. Moreover,Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Yihe Brand 300-600m Face/Core Veneer Door Furniture Paper Tape Reeling and Gummed for Joining Repairing), maintenance (5L Chemical Oil Tinplate Can with Metal Press Cover), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

The MAER, RMSE, R2,500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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