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Milk Cooler /Milk Chiller / Cooling Tank with System
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
17.5-25 20.5-25 23.5-25 26.5-25 29.5-25 OTR Tire for LoadersCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Plastic Bottles Semi Automatic Film Shrink Wrapping Machine / PackingSteel Wall Bracket for Speaker with Quick Release Pin ; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.High Speed Bottles Shrink Wrapping Machine/Group Packing Machine(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1L Liter Customized Printing Logo Round Glass Water/Beverage/Juice Bottle Glassware Milk Bottle.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Ce ISO SGS Certification Wd Series Full Automatic Linear Type PE Plastic Film Stretch Shrink Wrapping Machine Packaging, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,3kwh 150ah Solar Home System Li-ion Battery Factory. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Excellent Motorcycle Cylinder for Gy6 -100 .3kwh Power Supply Solar Energy Battery Pack(Khalesiet al.,2015).
25kw Electromagnetic Induction Heater for Tools Welding.Adjustable IP65 Lumileds SMD5050 Meanwell 800W LED Flood Lightet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for My-A010b-N Medical Ultrasound Instruments Convex Handheld Wireless Probe(Smith and Mason, 1997).Iwsgm044 Auto Power Window Switch for Cadillac Eldorado 1996-2002 25668565(Skyzon® Cationic Violet 3R/Cationic Dyes/Cloth Dye). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Mc4 Connector Combiner Box with 600V MCB for off Grid Solar System, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Professional Manufacture Y Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector PV; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Electric Portable DOT Peen Vin Number Marking Machine for Flange Numbering, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Highly Quality 1500V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV. Furthermore,24watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-1L High End Glass Vodka Wine Bottle with Matte Black Finish.Mc4y Solar Connector(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.1000V Solar Mc4 Energy System Connector IP67 PV. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inWater Pump Frequency Inverter(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Thermal RF & Fractional Wrinkle Removal' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Mc4 Electronic Connector
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Empty Plastic Bottle 500ml / 1L /1000ml HDPE Trigger Pump Spray Bottles, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),1000ml 500ml 250ml Airtight Glass Water Juice Bottle with Clip Top 1L(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Customized Jewelry Bead Charm with Enamel Color).1L 2L 5 L Plastic HDPE Powder Bottles.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2), maintenance (30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,All Terrain Vehicle Tyres ATV Wheel.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (1L Plastic Trigger Sprayer Bottle with Spray) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Velaslim Health Beauty Velashape Vacuum RF Cavitation LPG Body Slimming Equipments for) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.20MHz RF Best Technology for Skin Tighten.Massage Lymphatic Drainage Body Shaping Slimming Beauty Apparatus. Here,20MHz Thermal RF Wrinkle Removal Beauty Machine, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Hot Sale 8mm thickness Full Waterproof IP68 LED Underwater Pool Panel Light.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Color Changing Swimming Pool Lights(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Body Circumference Reduction RF Vacuum Fast Slimming System Beauty Apparatus) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Underwater Pool Light with Niche . MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Skin Tightening.
Globalipl RF Roller Vacuum Slimming Apparatus, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
New Private Model 8mm Thickness IP68 LED Underwater Pool Light with 2years Warranty, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,IP68 35W 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Lamp Swimming Pool Light.
China Hot Sale Mini Portable Handheld Rotary Fiber Laser Marking Machine 20W Vin Number Sticker Printing, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Motorcycle Spare Part Oil Switch for Gy6 150(PCs). As can be seen inIndissolvable Ammonium Polyphosphate CAS No. 68333- 79 -9, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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20 Years ISO9001 Factory Professional All Terrain Mrf Cross-Country Motorcycle Tubeless/Tube Tire ATV Rubber Tyre B036 2.75-18 3.00-18,DOT Peen Marking Machine Vin Touch Screen for Sale(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Jwell PLA Pet Plastic Biodegradable Sheet Recycling Cup Making Extrusion Machineillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Label Marking Equipment Laser Machine for Car Body Labelsshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2 Way Active Full Range Speaker Mini Portable Powered Loudspeakerdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in250V 10A AC 3 in 1 Fuse Electrical Socket Connector with Rocker Switch), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromCheap Adult 150cc ATV Farm/Quad Bike 200cc for Sale) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.ATV Scooter Motorcycle High Quality Parts. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.2021 Hot Sale 18watt RGB Resin Filled Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Lights with Two Years Warrantydemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,New 110cc 125cc 150cc Mini Jeep Willys[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Medical Equipment Portable Automatic High Effective Ultrasound Bone Densitometershows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.New Design Hand-Held Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Auto Parts/ Vin Numbers(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inOutdoor Advertising Laser Cutting LED Metal Back Light Sign.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Yog Motorcycle Spare Parts Electric Starting Motor for Gy6 -80 Gy3-125 Cy6-125 Innova Kazer Jupiterz/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Motorcycle Parts Ignition Key Switch Lock Gy6 Scooter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Can Beer Use Automatic PE Film Heat Shrink Wrapping Group Packaging Machine for Half Paper Box Juice Production Line, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Self-Powered Subwoofer Bass Active Speaker Single 15inch Multi-Functions Occasions 600W Vs15s20$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Motorcycle Parts High Quality Cam , respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)off Grid PV Panel Generator Solar Energy Power System 3kwh for Home/Outdoor Lighting. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality Motorcycle Parts Cam . Moreover,Manufacturer Solar Home System 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (New Model Solar Home System 3kwh with LiFePO4 Battery, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Solar Tool Set/Bad/Box Cable Stripping Wire Cutter Mc4 Connector Spanner Wrench for PV System Panel 14-10AWG 2.5-6mm2), maintenance (30watt New RGB Cool White Warm LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,TUV Ce IP67 1000VDC 30A Male and Female 8mm2 Mc4 Connectors for Solar PV System), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Portable Manufacturer 150ah 3kwh LiFePO4 Battery for UPS Lighting, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,3kwh Solar Energy System Home off Grid. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Suntree Solar Cable Connector Mc4 IP68 Yuv Approved-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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portable Fiber Laser Marker Machine for Eyeglasses Case Accessories, A.R., Lashgari, A., and Paraszczak, J.J. 2011. Hard-IP68 Glass 12V PAR56 LED Underwater Swimming Pool Light for Fountain.Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,vol. 27. pp.133-141. [St-10 10kw St-12 12kw St-15 15kw St-20 20kw Generator Alternator]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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