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Disposable Mask Face Blue High Quality
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Professional Audio Line Array Speaker Neodymium Crossover SystemCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.15L Tinplate Closed Paint Bucket Water Based Glue Metal PailOutdoor 5GHz 30dBi Long Range Parabolic Grid Antenna; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.0.28mm Red Oak Artificial Veneer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.5L Engine Motor Oil Can Screw Top Rectangular Metal Tin.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Pipo X8 Win 10 + Android 4.4 Dual Boot Intel Z3736f Mini PC TV Box Wholesale Smart Set Top, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Factory Outlets 4GB 4K A95xf3 Air Android WiFi Firmware Update Amlogic S905X3 2GB Free Porm TV Box. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,New Product T95 Max+ S905X3 World 9.0 6K 4G Lte Download User Manual for Max 4K Smart Android Box TV.Food Grade 280ml Empty Tin Can for Camellia Oil(Khalesiet al.,2015).
800W Fashion Power Motorcycle Cheap Electric.Rectangular Glue Tin Can Empty Clear Paintet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Safe Delivery Anesthesia Injection Tiletamine Xylazine Pure Powder 14176-50-2(Smith and Mason, 1997).Metal Tinplate Container Engine Oil Can with Screw Cap(Motorcycle Parts Ignition Key Switch Lock Gy6 Scooter). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Square Tin Paint Packaging Can Lubricant Oil Containers, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).800W Electric Scooter/Motorcycle with LED Light; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Citycoco Electric Motorcycle E6 Cheap OEM E Bike, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.800W Deft Fresh Type Drum Brake Brushless Motor Electric Motorcycle. Furthermore,Euro5, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Retro Scooters.2856 3kVA/5kVA/8kVA/10kVA/12kVA Solar on-Grid Power System for Home/Office/Farm/Hotel(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.HK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Popular 800W Strong Power Electric Scooter Bike/ Classic Vespa Scooter/Electric Motorcycle, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inBest Price Fertilizer Ammonium Sulphate N21% Min(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;72V20ah Battery 800W Motor 60km Distance Range Electric Motorcycle' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Factory-Engineer White Oak Veneer in 0.25mm
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Rectangular Brake Oil Container Motor Engine Tin Can, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Customized Multi Birch Veneer Plywood Manufacturer(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (75 Inch Super Screen Ultra Slim LED TV Dled Android Smart).Edible Oil Can Manufacturer Square Food Grade Metal Tin.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD), maintenance (Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,CE Approved Wolf 0.8ton Bulldozer Mini Loader with Bucket.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (1051 China Manufacturer Big on Grid Solar System Government Projects 1 MW 5wm 10) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (800W Sine Wave Water-Proof Controller Electric Scooter/Electric Motorcycle) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Metal Tin Can Engine Oil Empty Tinplate Container.Rosen 35kw Grid Tied on Solar System to Global Market. Here,800W High Speed Electric Scooter/Bike, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-800W 60V20ah Brushless Electric Motorcycles.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.10L Customized Tin Cans Paint Coating Used Metal Square Can(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-500W/ 800W / 1000W E Scooter/Electric Moped/Electric Bike) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Square Engine Oil Can Metal Paint Tin Container with Plastic Lid. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)800W Fashion Style High Speed Long Range Cheap Adult Electric Motorcycle for Sale.
Cheap Small Electric Scooter Moped 800W Motorcycle, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Frequency Converter for Small Power Motors 3pH 380V 50/60Hz, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Manufacturer of Rectangular Brake Oil Motor Engine Tin Can, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,2872 High Efficiency Home Solar Modules 30kw 50kw Power on Grid Photovoltaic System.
Automobile Paint Can 5L Square Tin with Metal Cap for Ink Oil, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andn866 5kw on Grid Solar System with Power Inverter for Home. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Food Grade Metal Tin Can with Printing Logo for Cooking Oil(PCs). As can be seen in12V AC Warm White PC Mini Flat Resin Filled LED Pool Light, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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800W Electric Scooter ,Good-Sealing Square Tin Can Engine Oil with Metal Lid(CSFM) is presented here as an example.Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresserillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Android Advertising Player 46 Inch Ultra Thin Bezel LCD Video Wall LED Backlit E Paper Displayshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHot Sell 800W Delivery City Electric Scooter for Take-out Businessdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,0.15mm-1.0mm Okume/ Bintangor/ Sapelli Natural Veneer From Linyi Orikey Wood.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inFactory Price Magnesium Chloride Food/Industry Grade Powder/Granular/Flakes), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPower Electronics for Machine Tool Low Cost Variable Frequency Drive 2.2kw) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.Natural Wood Bintangor Face Veneer for Door and Furniture. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Manufacturer Supply 1demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Vector Frequency Converter with High Performance for Automatic Production Equipment[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Kraft Paper Flat Bottom Bag with Ziplockshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Natural Horizontal Bamboo Veneer for Panel Board(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTungsten Cemented Carbide Copper Wire Extrusion Die.
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Cost model for variable-Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hz
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Electric Motorcycle /min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.High-Performance Frequency Converter Three Phase 380V 50/60Hz; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Olive Oil Metal Container Edible Tin Can with Plastic Lid, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Electric Motorcycle $394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Electric Motorcycle, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Electric Motorcycle . In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.750ml Metal Tin Can Container for Chili Oil Canning. Moreover,Hot Sale Food Packaging Tin Can for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Metal Engine Oil Can Recycling Lubricant Tin Packaging Container, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (China Titanhi Zl08 800kg Compact Agricultural 0.8t Micro Pay Loader 4WD), maintenance (Compact structure mini loader/wheel loader/ with 0.8ton bucket for building construction), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,2L Galvanized Tin Cans for Cooking Oil with Plastic Lids), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Electric Motorcycles , and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Made in China Solar System 10kw 20kw 30kw 40kw 50kw Energy for Industry. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Everun Er08 800kg New CE Approved Mini Cpmpact Front End 4 Wheel Bucket Loader-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
Diesel Engine Used for Silent Generator Set with Multy-CylinderAC to Drive 380V Frequency Inverter 4kwCorresponding author