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450kVA/360kw Low Noise Power Generator Diesel Engine Genset Set with ISO
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Grid Tied Inverter 3kwCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Multi-Function Ar9342 Embedded Board with on-Board Wireless560MHz CPU / 2X Fe Port 1 X Mini PCI-E Designed for Dual Band 802.11nFlying Online Fiber Laser Marking Machine with Conveyor Belt; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.5.180- 5.825 GHz Qualcomm Atheros Qca9994 Wle1216V5-20 I-Temp 5.8GHz 44 Mu-MIMO 802.11AC Wave 2 80+80MHz Mini WiFi Module Card(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Special Wi-Fi 2.4G/5GWIFI+BLE5.0 WiFi Module IOT HF-LPF100.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
LAN/Wan LED Wsb419 Qualcomm Atheros Ipq4019 Dual Band 802.11AC Mu-MIMO AMD Embedded Motherboard Onboard WiFi System on Module, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Modern Home Living Room Furniture Velvet Sofa Set. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa .High Back Executive Boss Single Office Sofa Swivel Reception Chair(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Hotel Wooden and Morden Sofa/Hospitality Sofa .Sectional Stanford Sofaet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Safe Shipping Line Local Anesthetic Drugs Procaine 51-05-8 Brazil Bulk Stock(Smith and Mason, 1997).Top Quality Comfortable Furniture Sets Living Room Sofa(Sanland 860MHz 34dB Gain CATV Forward Push-Pull Amplifier Module ). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)1200Mbps Wireless WiFi Extender Repeater/Router Dual Band 2.4 & 5GHz Wps Signal Strong Penetrability, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Durable VDSL Modem Router with 2.4G/5.0g Dual WiFi Vdb1421-W2 1ge Wan+4ge+2FXS; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Velvet Office Sofa Chair Modern 0303, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Wireless Module Qualcomm Atheros Qca9880 Wle900vx 802.11AC Wave 1 Minipcie WiFi Network Card. Furthermore,Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Wax Brown Oak Leg Cream White Linen Fabric Cushions Four Seats Sofa, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-HF-LPD100 2.4/5G Dual Band SMT Package IOT Module WiFi.Wf7021A 2.4G 600Mbps 5g 1.2gbps Dual Band 4 Antennas WiFi 6 Router(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.X96 Air Amlogic S905X3 64-Bit Android 9.0 Ultra 4K 2g 16g Smart TV Box. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (PVC Synthetic Leather for Sofa Furniture01, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in5GHz Parabolic Grid Antenna 24dBi(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;Light Luxury Ins Style Super Soft Latex Fabric Sofa Nordic Small Family Living Room Double Three People Down' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Sofa/Hotel Living Room Sofa/Apartment Sofa/Canteen Sofa/Hospitality Sofa
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Gainsville Furniture Livingroom Sofa Set Luxury Leather GS9012, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Simple Upholstered Copper Nail Vintage Style Velvet Lounge Sofa(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (DC12V 10mm 12W 30LEDs /Meter SMD5050 IP65 RGB LED Strip Light).Modern Antique Reproduction French Metal Sofa.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star ), maintenance (X96 Max Amlogic S905X2 Android8.1 2GB RAM 16GB ROM or 4GB 32GB 64GB 4K Android TV Box) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Modern Home Living Room Furniture 2-Seat Leisure Sofa for Walmart.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Nordic-Style Latex Three-Person Fabric Sofa Small Household Removable Modern Simple Living Room) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Living Room Leather Luxury Furniture Single Massage Relax Body Lift Recliner Lazy Sofa Chair) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Home Furniture Set Recliner Sofa Single for Hotel Grf24.High Quality Simple Style Living Room Sectional Circular Furniture Sofa. Here,Modern Leisure Sofa Chair Living Room Furniture Lift Reclineable Electric Massage, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Sofa PVC Leather 2021.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.WiFi Miracast Dongle Anycast M2 Linux Based Airplay TV Receiver(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-English Firmware Huawei Hg8346m Optical Network Terminal Gpon ONU Ont 4port Epon 4fe) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Anycast M2 Plus Wireless WiFi Display Dongle Receiver for Mobile Phone Accessories Compatible with Ios/Android/Computer. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Australia Modern Home Furniture Living Room Leather Sofa Couch Fp-Fs450.
Whole Home Mesh System 3-Pack Network Wireless Hotspot Dual Band 2.4G 5.8g AC1200m WiFi Router Coverage 4300sq. FT, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Module, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Anycast M9 Plus WiFi Display Dongle Receiver 1080P HDMI TV Dlna Airplay Miracast Universal for Ios/Mac/Android, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Antique Design Rustic Style Furniture Nature Oak and Dark Grey Linen Shakable Leisure Sofa Chair.
Chinese Wooden Silver-Leaf Classical Fabric Sofa, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnEnterprise Application and Openvpn WiFi Router 300Mbps 2.4GHz& 5GHz Dual Band. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniturecombination Sofa/Hotel Modern Sectional Sofa/Living Room Sofa/Corner Sofa/Upholstery Fabric Sofa (PCs). As can be seen inChina Everun Er408t 0.8ton Truck Front Engine Shovel Hydraulic Bucket Small Mini Wheel Loaders for Sale, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Frequency Converter with SVC and Vf Control 380V 50/60Hzshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileFrequency Inverter 380V 50/60Hzdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Modern Simple Living Room L Shape Corner Recliner Sectional Sofa.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in3PCS LED Bulbs/10W Solar Power System for House Use), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found from40wx2 10 " Portable PS Series Party Speaker) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.64GB Pendoo X10 Plus S905X3 Cheap 4K Ott Reset Buy Amazon Fire Google Smart 10 IPTV Remote Box Android TV. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Disco Sound+ PA System Speakerdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Living Room Lounge Furniture Sofa Fabric 3 Seater Couch[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.Allwinner T95 H616 4GB RAM Octa Core 32GB ROM 6GB Digital Mini Satellite Receiver 8K Smart TV Box Android 10shows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Stable Quality 1year Qhdtv HD IPTV Abonnement Reseller Panel Lxtream Code All Europe Italy UK USA Spain France Arabic Morocco Channel(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inSuper Brightness Outdoor Garden Waterproof IP65 7W RGB LED Solar Spike Lamp.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Cafe Bar Table Wrought Iron Home Living Room Dining/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.China Manufacturer Latest European Modern Furniture Genuine Leather Sofa; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Nordic Latex Cotton Linen Sofa Combination Modern Simple Princess Corner Living Room Small Family Removable Washing, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
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Latest L Shape Genuine Leather /Bonded /PU /Fabric Flat Bedroom Furniture Sofa Bed$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.Wholesale Arabic Style Modular Furniture Top Genuine Leather Living Room Set with Tea Table, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Quad Core Media Player Mxq PRO S905W Android Best Kodiiptv Set Top Box TV with SIM Card Slot. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.High Quality Footbath Sofa / Foot Massage. Moreover,New Products Lift Recliner Chair Sofa , and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (SP-KS410) Customized Fabric Softwood Frame Sofa, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Hotel Bedroom Furniture/Hotel Furniture/Apartment Living Room Sofa/Hospitality Sofa/Hotel Sofa/Modern Sofa for 5 Star ), maintenance (X96 Max Amlogic S905X2 Android8.1 2GB RAM 16GB ROM or 4GB 32GB 64GB 4K Android TV Box), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,IPTV Reseller Panel for Qhdtv Susbcription 1year Code Wholesale 1500+ Live & VOD Sports News Channels Arabic French Belgium African Andoird TV Box), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Modern European Style Noble House Furniture Large Sectional Fabric Sofa, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Factory Offer Nordic Removable and Washable Livingroom Fabric Sofa. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.1 Year Qhdtv Abonnement IPTV Subscription Code Europe Spain Portugal France Italia Arabic Italy French Belgium for Android Smart TV Box M3u-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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433Mbps16dBm Wsd377 Qualcomm Atheros Qca9377-3 2.4GHz/ 5GHz WiFi + Bluetooth 5.0 Combination Sdio USB Module, Ar., Lashgari, A., Fouladgar, M.M., and Skibniewski, M.J. 2012. Estimating capital and operational costs of backhoe shovels.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,vol. 18, no. 3. pp 378-385. [Chip 0805 0603 SMD LED Warm White 4000PCS/ Roll China Manufacturer Made]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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