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Manganese Chloride Pharmaceutical Grade /CAS 13446-34-9
On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
High-Purity Chemical Raw Materials 2-Phenylbenzimidazole Powdered Pharmaceutical IntermediatesCost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.Single 10'' Two Way Line Array PRO AudioCarb Approved Birch Plywood; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Double 10 Inch Line Array PRO Audio (SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Samsung 55inch Ultra Thin 1.7mm 700 Brightness 2X3 3X3 Video Wall Solution.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Diclofenac Sodium CAS 15307- 79 -6 for Anti-Inflammatory, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,Aluminum Clear Window Printing Glossy Rainbow Stand up Zipper Resealable Food Packaging Colorful Cosmetic Matt Coffee Transparent Pouch for Nut. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,High Quality Oxytetracycline Powder 100% CAS 79 -57-2.CAS: 79 -44-7; Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride;(Khalesiet al.,2015).
Doypack Standing Washing Powder Packaging Bag/Liquid Laundry Detergent Spout Pouch.200X5000mm Vacuum Sealer Bag Roll for Food Packaginget al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Hot Good Bulk Quality 60V800W20ah Electric Motor Scooter for Ladies(Smith and Mason, 1997).Factory Design Logo Food Grade Colourful Printing Sealed Stand up Scented Tea Packaging Bag(Cheap Commercial Plywood for Construction Decoration and Furniture Use). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Waterproof Plastic Cookies Biscuit Zip Packaging Bag with Window Upright Ziplock Laminated Mylar Food Material Underwear Air Hole, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Pet/PE/CPP Ziplock Plastic Clear Nut Package Dry Food Grade Bags; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Hot Sales 2/3 Sides Seal Food Vacuum Pouches 70micron, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Heat Seal Moisture Proof Cbd Gummies Plastic Food Packaging Candy Bag. Furthermore,Professional Speaker System Single 10 Inch 300W Mini Stage Monitor PS10r2, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Professional Sound Speaker System Single 10 Inch Mini Passive Line Array Vr10.Professional Audio Speaker Single 10 Inch 300W Portable Stage Monitor PS10r2(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.D&B Q1 Style Dual 10 Inch Professional Speaker . However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Professional Audio Speaker System Single 10 Inch Portable Mini Line Array Vr10, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inHot Sale 301 401 Easy Opening Seal Can Round Empty Tin with Metal Caps(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TV' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,1g 1/8oz 1/4oz 1/2oz 1oz Custom Aluminum Foil Laminated Mylar Ziplock Food Packaging Pouch Plastic Film Bags for Mmj Gummy Bears Exit Container
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,High bright Samsung 46" 49" 55" LCD video wall screen monitor, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Factory Sell 99% Purity Diclofenac Sodium Powder CAS 15307- 79 -6(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (4PCS LED Interior Car Lights Aftermarket Ambient Lighting Multicolor Light Strip).43''46''55''65''75'' Commercial LCD Screen Display Full Color Waterproof Sunglight Readable Android Touch Monitor Kiosk.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container), maintenance (10 Inch Active Stage Monitor PA Audio Speaker System for Line Array Subwoofer Live Show ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,Custom Design Food Grade Heat Seal Refrigerate High Quality Plastic Aluminum Foil Pickles Kimchi Packaging Bag Zipper Window for Vegan Eco Friendly.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (Bloom Tech Chemical Reagent ) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (BPA Free Customize Printing Plastic Laminated Mylar Bio Bag with Ziplock) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient CAS 15307- 79 -6 Diclofenac Sodium.Hair and Eyelash Growth Acetyl Tetrapeptide-3/Capixyl CAS 155149- 79 -4. Here,High Quality Printed Food Packaging Doypack Aluminium Zipper Bags, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-High Quality Argipressine CAS 113- 79 -1 with Best Price.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1-Bromo-3(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Cinema Hall Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way 250W PC1020) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Sourcing O-Phthalaldehyde Opa CAS 643- 79 -8 in Stock Supplier From China. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)55 Inch Stand Alone Digital Free Standing LCD Advertising Display.
Top Selling 1, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Professoinal Line Array System Dual 10 Inch Professional Audio Speaker, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Dual 10 " Compact Speaker Line Array , R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Factory Supply High Quality N-Cbz-D-Leucine Powder CAS. 28862- 79 -5 99% Purity.
Factory Supply Tretinoin / Retinoic Acid Vitamin a 302- 79 -4, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnEconomic Mulifunctional Line Array System Speaker Dual 10 Inch. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Single 10inch Two Ways Professional Line Array Loudspeaker Bi AMP B&C Imported Driver with Vk10(PCs). As can be seen inCommercial Solar System 100kw Grid Tied /on 100kVA 60kw, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Kas PRO Top 10inch Line Array Audio Speaker,Retionoic Acid API USP Tretinoin Good Quality Competitive Price CAS No 302- 79 -4(CSFM) is presented here as an example.800W 60V20ah Lead-Acid Battery Electric Scooter Motorcycleillustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.300cc Road Legal Ault Street Gas Three Wheel Scootershows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileHK1 S905W 2g 16g 7.1 Android TV Box of New Product Set Top with Low Price Kd Player 17.0demonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Dexketoprofen Trometamol Manufacturer CAS 156604- 79 -4 with Purity 99%.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inAnti Theft Security UPVC/PVC Plastic Sliding Folding Glass Door), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromWater-Proof Cover 3 Wheel Cargo Gasoline Trike) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.LG 46" 49" 55" DVI LED video panel for monitoring. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Wspvcc Solar PV Connector Mc4 High Effiency IP 67demonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,Retinoic Acid CAS No. 302- 79 -4[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.46inch Video Wall Controller LED Panel for Publicity Rental Events HD Huge Big Advertising TVshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Customized Printed 3.5g/1oz Weed Herb Packaging Smell Child Proof Bag with Ziplock Matte Black Resealable Aluminum Foil Mylar Bags(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inPersonalized Colorful Stoneware Custom Made Coffee Mugs.
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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Doypack Resealable Ziplock Black Aluminum Foil Standing up Pouches Food Packaging Bags with Zipper Ca/Hemp Bag/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.2-Way Speaker PS10 for High Quality Stage Monitor; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Professional Line Array Speaker Single 10 Inch Full Range System. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.Aluminium Foil Zip Lock Food Packaging Bag Manufacturer Plastic, indicated inFree Clearance Surface Anesthesia of Eyes, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Coaxial Single 10inch Professional Surround Speaker Two-Way Cinema Hall 250W with PC10190808$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.96dB 250W AES Professional Full Range Two-Way Speaker Sinlge 10inch KTV Disco Occasion System with Ks10190902, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Professional Line Array System Single 10 Inch Neodymium Vr10. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Samsung LTI550HN16 1920X1080P monitor LCD video wall. Moreover,Maunfacturing Price Sealed Food Packaging Vacuum Bag, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Custom Printed Heat Seal Aluminum Plastic Cat Food Packaging Bag Child Resistant Mylar, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Kraft Paper &Plastic Foil Laminated Mylar Food Packaging Container), maintenance (10 Inch Active Stage Monitor PA Audio Speaker System for Line Array Subwoofer Live Show ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,Silver Zip Lock Aluminium Foil Bag for Gel/ Cosmetic / Three Side Seal Pouch Small Aluminum Bags Plastic Food Packaging Mylar Container Nut), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Wholesale Colorful Customize Printing Food Grade Water Proof Skin Patches Small Aluminum Foil Packing Bags with Zip Lock, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,10'' Ferrite Woofer Best Price Loudspeaker. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Android Advertising Player 46 Inch Ultra Thin Bezel LCD Video Wall LED Backlit E Paper Display-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Mular, A.L. 1982.99% High Quality Nootropics Drugs Huperzine a 102518- 79 -6 Hupa USA Factory Fast Delivery.Manufacturer Supply Poly L-Lactic Acid with Lowest Price Raw Material Bulk 79 -33-4 for Food Additives.Crovell Factory Supply High Quality CAS 79 -57-2 Oxytetracycline, Montreal. 265 pp. [China 250cc New 3 Wheel Motorcycle Motor Tricycle]
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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