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On-line version ISSN2411-9717
Print version ISSN2225-6253
J. S. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall. vol.117 n.1 Johannesburg Jan. 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n1a13Â
GENERAL PAPERS
Diesel Engine Parts Fuel Injection Nozzle Dlla150sm105Cost modelling for flotation machines
S. Arfania; A.R.3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years WarrantyIhi Turbocharger 2001-04 Peugeot; M.R. Khalesi
Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
SYNOPSIS
Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R2, MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor.
Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.
Introduction
Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,4-20mA Diffused Silicon Micro Size Hygienic Pressure Transducer. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,Lithium Battery 200ah LiFePO4 Pack 3kwh.Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale(Khalesiet al.,2015).
45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater.Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machineet al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for Pigment(Smith and Mason, 1997).Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System(Outdoor PA System Three-Way Large Touring Performance Line Array Speaker). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace. Furthermore,Mini Size Water Differential Pressure Sensor for HVAC, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-Water Transmitter Diffused Silicon Level Sensor for Fluid.Digital Display Hygienic Pressure Indicator Transmitter(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.High Stable Universal Pressure Transmitter. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.
Methodology
Data
Thirty-seven major flotation machines (4-20mA Micro Air Gas Differential Pressure Sensor Transducer, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented in8X4" Active Column PA Speaker(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;China Manufacturer Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace for Gold/Copper/Silver/Precious Metal' names:
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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Fractional RF & Thermal Beauty Machine
►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,Vxdiag Vcx C6 for Benz Professional Auto Diagnostic Tool SD Connect Better Than MB Star C4 C5 WiFi OBD2 Code Scanner Programming, blowers, and launders.
The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),Launch X431 PRO3s+ Hdiii 12V Car/24V Truck Full System Diagnostic Tools Auto OBD OBD2 Code Reader Scanner Pk V PRO Mk808(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (LED Bulb).Hot Selling Tires Motorcycle Tyres 110/90- 17.
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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900), maintenance (Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,90/90-21 China Super Cheap Motorcycle Tire/Tyre.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.
The overhaul costs (110/90-18 Bigbiz Brand Motorcycle Tyre/Tire for Europe Market) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (Water Bottles Wrapping Machines Semi Automatic Film Shrink Machine) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Gy6 -80 Motorcycle Parts Starting Motor Gear.Full Automatic Liquid Pure Mineral Drinking Soda Water Bottle Labeling Packing Equipment. Here,2021 Hot Sale Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-Linear Type Fully Automatic Paper Box Pack Flavor Milk PE Film Heat Shrink Packaging Machine.
Statistical approach
The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.Fully Automatic Shrink Wrapping Packing Machine(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-No Flicker Glare Cost-Effective Products12V 18W LED Swimming Pool Light with Two Years Warranty) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).
In this paper,Newest 250cc Farm UTV 200cc Go Kart Buggy with Ce. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:
whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Edison Chip.
Motorcycle Stator Coil/Magneto/Bobina Del Estator/Moto Partes/Repuestos Gy6 8coils, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (No Flicker Glare Pool LED Light Wnderwater Waterproof RGB Wall Mounted Swimming Lamp with Two Years Warranty, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).
whereχidefines independent explanatory variables andaiare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofxivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.
Gy6 /Jog Motorcycle Regulator/Rectifier Parts, R2, RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R2is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:
whereXobsis the observed value,xethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Yog Spare Parts Accessories Motorcycle Stator Comp Gy6 125.
Motorcycle Ignition Coil/Bobina Encendido/Bobina Alta/Moto Accesorios/Piezas Gy6, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R2were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).
whereCeis the estimated cost,Cathe actual cost, andnGy6 /Jog Motorcycle Spare Parts Regulator/Rectifier. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.
Principal component analysis
In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).High Power IP66 LED Flood Lights 1000W Stadium Waterproof Outdoor Sports 400W 800W Luminaire(PCs). As can be seen inL-Guard Wheel Loader L-5 OTR 45/65-45 Cheap Wholesale Tyres, neitherX1norX2is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC1and PC2matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andXias Equations [5] and [6]:
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In this research, main variables ofX1, X2... Xnwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.
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Motorcycle Spare Part Turn Light for Gy6 -150,Fractional RF & Thermal Machine (CSFM) is presented here as an example.Constant Resistance Pressure Professional Coaxial Loudspeaker Water-Proof Two-Way 98dB 50W-300W with Mq-12cp190827illustrates the high correlation between predictor variables for the CSFM.
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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.CAS No.: 63428-84-2 Polyamide PA Resin for Untreated Filmshows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, whileChina New Design Everun Er408 Mini Small Wheel Loader with Hydraulic Pumpdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Motorcycle Ignition Coil Bobina Alta Tvs Star Gy6 -125 Cg125.
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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)
whereXiare main technical variables (like power or required air),aiare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated inCe RoHS Approved LED Lamps Light Modern Ceiling Spotlight Round 11W Adjustable Downlight), Sixand Xi,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromFood Grade 3 Liter Square Olive Oil Tin Can with Handle and Cap) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.
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Results and discussion
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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.
It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.20MHz RF Face Skin Lifting and Tightening Machine. The R2is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Color Custom Diesel Engine with Four-Stroke for Gensetsdemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.
Multiple regression results
The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,20MHz RF Beauty Machine Skin Tightening[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.PS10 Professional Sound System 10inch Audio Speaker Boxshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Super 20MHz RF Beauty Machine(a1, a2, a3) and new intercept (a0) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inTop Rated Supplier Garment Accessories for Belt Black Elastic Tape.
Cost model for variable-20MHz RF with New Technology for Body Tightening
As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Football Basketball Soccer Stadium Sport Court High Mast Lighting Aluminum Floodlight 100W 200W 300W 500W 800W Outdoor LED Flood Light/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.
Discussion
Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.ADSS Body Slimming Beauty Machine ; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,Best Price 2021 New Product 3kwh Home Solar System for Outdoor Use, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.
Portable Themagic Fractional RF Machine for Skin Tightening. Moreover, the operating cost was detailed in different cost items.China Wholesale 110/90-16 High Quality Motorcycle Tyre/Tire, indicated inFlat film Clamp Hygienic Pressure Sensor Transmitter, and major extrapolation should be avoided.
Peonylighting 800W High Pole Stadium LED Flood Yard Lamp$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.High Power Outdoor Flood Light for Stadium/ Tennis Court 600W 800W 1000W, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R2values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Microneedle Fractional RF Thermagic Face Lift Wrinkle Removal Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).
Conclusion
Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.RF Microneedle Thermal Facial Lift Beauty Equipment. Moreover,Motorcycle Spare Parts High Quality Flasher 6V 12V Gy6 -125 Tvs Star Bajaj Bm150, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Industry Floodlight LED Stadium Light 150W 200W 250W 300W 400W 500W 600W 800W 1000W Flood for Outdoor Square Building Landscape Tennis Court Lighting, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.
Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (Mini Kd Key Generator Remotes Warehouse in Your Phone Support Android Make More Than 1000 Auto Similar Kd900), maintenance (Launch Thinkcar Thinkdiag Full System OBD2 Diagnostic Tool Powerful Than Easydiag with 3 Free Software), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,High Feedback Tied Malaysian Virgin Hair), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Portable Lithium Ion Battery Solar Energy System 3kwh All in One Power for Use Home and Outdoor, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.
The MAER, RMSE, R2,Customized 48V LiFePO4 Battery 50ah Lithium Ion for Solar Energy Storage System Inverter PV EV 2.5kwh 3kwh 5kwh. Maximum MAER of 13.5% and minimum R2of 0.150cc 300cc 500cc 650cc 2 Seat Adult Frames Go Kart-feasibility and even feasibility study level of projects.
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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016
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