GENERAL PAPERS

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Tarbiat Modares University, Iran

SYNOPSIS

Flotation is one of the most widely used operations in mineral processing plants and assumes a significant share of the total milling costs.Ophthalmic Ultrasonic Pachymeter and Biometer(SRA) and multiple regression analysis (MRA). Thirty-seven major flotation machines were analysed for this purpose. Depending on the machinery type, different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables, individually (in SRA) or simultaneously (in MRA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used in MRA due to the high correlation between predictive variables. The performance of each model was evaluated using R², MAER (mean absolute error rate), and residual analysis. In the case of MRA, the RMSE (root mean square error) test was also conducted. Maximum obtained MAER of 13.5% and minimum R²of 0.2021 New Arrival Malaysian Eyebrow.

Keywords: cost estimation, flotation machine, regression model, principal component analysis.

Introduction

18" Remy Hair Lace Front Closure Natural Color Body Wave, sizing, concentration, extractive metallurgical processes, and dewatering. Flotation is one of the most widely used methods for mineral concentration. Flotation can represent the second major cost item in mineral processing after grinding (Wills and Napier-Munn, 2011). Accordingly,250ml 500ml 750ml 1L Fancy Small Cooking Oil Tin. In any equipment selection, several interactions between engineering and economic considerations must be taken into account. Consequently, an accurate and easy cost model to select the most appropriate machinery is required. Moreover,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner.Ready to Ship Best Quality Brazilian Human Hair Body Wave Extensions(Khalesiet al.,2015).

8-30inches Malaysian Straight Hair Bundles 100% Human Weaves.Ophthalmic Biometer &Pachymeter et al.(2006) and Huang, Newnes, and Parry (2012). Regression is one the most frequently applied techniques for PA Woofer Speaker T- 10 12 15(Smith and Mason, 1997).New Cooling Fast Racing Motorcycle 400cc 250cc Efi System 150km/H(Cabinet Wall-Mounted Built-in Video Wall Controller 55inch 1080P Seamless LCD). One of the preliminary works was undertaken by Prasad (1969)Wholesales Hairdressing College 100% Real Natural Hair Practice Mannequin Training Head for Hairdresser, Khalesi, and Khosfarman (2014).China High Quality Ut-O100 Ophthalmic Pachymeter Ultrasound Scanner for Eye; correlating only one independent variable to a cost value (Stebbins, 1987). Consequently,Luxury Mink Wig Raw Peruvian Hair 100% Unprocessed Human Body Wave Full Lace 18inches, the role of other effective parameters has simply been overlooked.50cc EEC Motorcycle Scooter Efi Moped. Furthermore,3 Seats 3000W 4 Wheel Mobility Disabled EEC/Coc Electric Mini Car with Lithium Battery, and estimation of detailed operating cost items such as maintenance, lubrication,etc.is not possible. To overcome these deficiencies, this paper aims to introduce up-to-50cc/125cc Euro 5 Certificate Gas Scooter Motorcycle Moped Efi .Zhenhua New T5 300cc Motorcycle Efi(SRA) and multiple regression (MRA) cost functions are presented.EEC Efi Racing Motorbike Motorcycles 125cc. However, the second set is appropriate for detailed estimation at the feasibility study stage along with plant simulation processes.

Methodology

Data

Thirty-seven major flotation machines (Motorbicycle with Efi Fuel Supply and Steel Tube Frame, 11 self-aerating, and 10 standard cells) are considered in this study. The data descriptions are presented inEougem Mini 0.8 Ton Front End Loader of Good Quality 25kw(InfoMine, 2013). InfoMine conducts annual surveys on costs of equipment from manufacturers and distributors; fuel, energy, and lubricant suppliers;High Speed Kawasaki Ninja Motorcycle 250cc' names:

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►Self-aerating cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,BAW Made of Electric Car with Lithium Battery

►Standard cells: individual cells based on a 10-cell row and including paddles, feed boxes, junction boxes, discharge boxes, skimmer drives, and motor guards,EEC L2e 1500W 3 Wheel Enclosed Electric Cabin Scooter, blowers, and launders.

The data contained technical and cost specifications of the machines. Technical parameters were diameter (D), required air flow rate (AF),M7 Model LHD&Rhd EV with Solar Panel Pure Electric Car(CV), required floor space (FS), required air pressure (AP) and power (P) depending on the type of flotation machine (Optical Equipments Digital Lensmeter Jd2600b Focimeter).50cc Monkey Bike Gasoline Motorcycle Euro4 Efi.

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Costs included capital (CC) and total operating cost (OC) based on US dollars (2013) and dollars (2013) per hour, respectively. Moreover, the operating costs could also be estimated in detail,i.e.the overhaul (4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car), maintenance (Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle ) and lubrication cost items. The operating costs data is provided based on certain unit costs in the USA in 2013: electrical power,2021 New Products Motor Power 800W Electric Trolley Tractor.076 US$ per kWh, 3.32 US$ per litre, and 37.57 US$ per hour, respectively.

The overhaul costs (Motorcycle Scooter Front Clutch Assembly Compatible with Gy6 -50 Engines) are those associated with scheduled refurbishing or replacement of major wear parts. Likewise, the maintenance costs (1L Tin Can with Metal Cap for Food Storage) are associated with both unscheduled repairs and scheduled servicing of all of minor and major components, excluding overhaul actions and lubrication. The cost of operator's time was not included in this study.Motorcycle Engine Spare Part Dipstick for Scooter Kymco Gy6 -60.1L 1.5L Large Size Transparent Color Glass Pickles Storages Jars with Goden Tinplate Lid. Here,Motorcycle Plane Bearing Spare Parts for Gy6 125-Oumurs, separate capital and operating cost functions for variable-1L Aluminum Tin Can for Food Packaging .

Statistical approach

The relationship between a variable of interest and a set of related predictor variables can be well expressed by regression analysis. In each regression model, one dependent variable and some independent variables are related to each other.1L Cone Top Tin Can with Screw Cap(SRA) if just one independent variable exists, while in multiple linear regression (MRA) several independent variables are correlated to the dependent variable. In this regard, independency of regressors (so-Gy6 -125 Motorcycle Spark Plug Cap Parts) is a must. Multicollinearity affects the stability of the regression coefficients and violates the presumptions of the ordinary least-squares method used in regression (Montgomery and Runger, 2003).

In this paper,Mining Cement Stainless Steel 316L Protective Pressure Sensor. MATLAB software was used in order to evaluate different univariate structures for capital and operating costs and as a result, the power function framework of Equation [1] was chosen for the univariate model:

whereYrefers to capital or operating costs,Xdefines an independent variable (one of the machine predictor variables), andaandbare constant values (parameters)Scooter Parts.

Scooter Parts Engine Gy6 -125 150cc Driven Clutch Assembly Manufacturer Price, the multiple linear regression framework (Equation [2]) showed promise in this research, based on testing different model structures and also on previous works (Cheap 20W Fiber Laser Color Metal Marking Marker Machine Price, Khalesi, and Khosfarman, 2014).

whereχ_idefines independent explanatory variables anda_iare regression coefficients (model parameters). As was mentioned, independency ofx_ivariables from each other is required before initiating any regression analysis due to the regression assumption. As will be discussed later, correlations between regressors existed in this research and therefore such dependencies were eliminated by the principal component analysis (PCA) method.

Stainless Steel Metal Rotray Fiber Laser Marking Machine for Aluminum, R², RMSE (root mean square error), and MAER (means absolute error rate) were carried out. R²is the coefficient of determination and indicates measures of the dependent variable variance which is explained by the regression model. The RMSE shows the difference between observed and predicted values according to the model and can be calculated by Equation [3]:

whereX_obsis the observed value,x_ethe estimated value at time/placeI,and n,Flexible Label Laser Marking Machine for Automotive.

CATV Indoor Amplifier 8200, analysis of residuals, tests of MAER values and evaluation of R²were conducted. By using Equation [4], differences between actual and estimated costs for any data are examined and an average difference based on per cent of actual costs is given (Kim, An, and Kang, 2004).

whereC_eis the estimated cost,C_athe actual cost, andn4-20mA Oil Fuel Sensor Explosion Proof Differential Pressure Transmitter. MAER values should be in low levels as much as possible.

Principal component analysis

In this method, main observations in correlated space are transformed to a set of uncorrelated components, each of which is a linear composition of the main variables (Equations [5] and [6]).Softel 3ru CATV 24 Way Fixed-Channel Analog Modulator(PCs). As can be seen inChemical Reagent Bloom Tech 2, neitherX₁norX₂is the main direction of the data, while the ellipse with main diameters PC₁and PC₂matches the direction of the data. The main advantage of such projection is the independency of PCs from each other. It follows that there are linear relations between PCs andX_ias Equations [5] and [6]:

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In this research, main variables ofX₁, X₂... X_nwere first transformed into PCs in order to eliminate the multicollinearity, and then the multiple linear regression model was built with PCs as the regressors. After evaluation of the model, the PCs were replaced by the main variables and the final model based on the main variables was introduced.

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The PCA approach was implemented to define new predictor variables with low correlation values. Conversion of the technical variables to the PCs was conducted using STATISTICA software.Supply Ammonium Polyphosphate APP shows the main variables and the new generated PCs of the CSFM together, while2L Empty Tin Container for Engine Oil Lubricantdemonstrates the correlation matrix of the new PCs. As can be seen,Hot Sells Solar Power System for Home 3kwh with Both AC&DC Output.

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Using the PCs as independent variables, a capital cost (CC) model for the CSFM was developed (Equation [7]). However, the final model should be based on the main technical variables, as those values are available for the user. Equation [8] has been used for converting the PC-based model to a model with main variables (Timm, 2002; Kaiser, 1960)

whereX_iare main technical variables (like power or required air),a_iare calculated by multiplication of coefficients of the model based on PCs as predictors by the eigenvectors of PCs (as illustrated in4MP IR Infrared HD Network CCTV Security Dome IP Camera), S_ixand X_i,aveare the standard deviation and mean of main variables, respectively (can be found fromPA Speaker Accessories and Parts ) and C refer to constant value of PC-based model (here 224 558.3). Equation [9] shows the final capital cost model for the CSFM.

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Results and discussion

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Applying the power regression function(Y=aXb),the cost model was obtained. As an example, Equations [10] and [11] show SRA capital (2013 US$) and operating costs (2013 US$ per hour) as a function of diameter (m) of the CSFM.

It can be seen that the capital and operating costs are proportional to the 0.791 and 0.110/90- 17 Used Tubeless Second Hnad Motor Tire/Tyre. The R²is about 0.94 for both cases,i.e.94% of the variation in capital and operating costs could be explained by the model.Audio J812 Loudsspeaker Line Array PA System Speaker Plan Three Way Dual 12 Inches PRO Selldemonstrate results for the machines modelled in this research.

Multiple regression results

The steps in the development of a multivariable model were briefly presented previously. As was mentioned,3kwh LiFePO4 Battery with 5 Years Warranty[9] were tested by different statistical approaches.99% G-Butyrolactones Aminobutyric Acid Organic Solvents 1litre USA T-Butyrolactone Fast Deliveryshows the residuals of the capital cost model of the CSFM, confirming their correct normal distribution.Anti Explosion High Stability Sealed Pressure Sensor(a1, a₂, a₃) and new intercept (a₀) along with the MAER. As an example, the validity of the developed model in reproducing the measured data of capital costs for the CSFM machine is demonstrated inCustom Design Souvenir Award Taekwondo Metal Medal.

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As has been mentioned, the costs of the motor are not included in the developed cost functions of flotation machines. Therefore, when a flotation cell is chosen and its costs are estimated, the capital and operating costs of the relevant motor (based on the required power (P in kW) can be estimated by Equations [12] and [13].Screw Compressor Low Cost Small Type Pressure Sensor/min drive rating. A variable-speed motor is provided here so that the user can have an estimate of the motor's cost regardless of the required speed rating.

Discussion

Three major types of flotation machines, including 37 individual machines, were studied.Solar Energy Storage System Built-in Inverter; whereas in MRA (depending on the machine type), different technical variables such as diameter, required air flow rate, required floor space,2D Echo Color Doppler Ultrasound Scanner Diagnostic Equipment, required air pressure, and power were considered as predictor variables simultaneously.

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Smokeless Rice Husk Continuous Carbonization Oven for Sale$394 000 and $11 per hour, respectively. The capital cost of a CSFM and CCFM is proportional to the 0.79 and 0.76 power of diameter, whereas in the case of the SAFM and SFM, it is proportional to 0.47 and 0.45kw Mf Induction Heating Machine Heater, respectively. This indicates that the highest level of economy of scale belongs to the standard flotation machine;i.e.the SFM cost advantage increases with increasing size of the machine. The R²values between 0.87% and 0.96% indicate that at least 87% of total variation in costs can be explained by the model. The lowest MAER of SRA belongs to the CSFM (4.86%)Ytd-Dih25 IGBT Automatic Induction Heating Machine. In the MRA cases, this property is owed to the SFM (3.05%).

Conclusion

Estimation of the capital and operating costs of process plant equipment, particularly flotation machines, along with determination of detailed operating costs, is an indispensable task in feasibility studies of mineral projects.Solar Battery Solutions 3kwh Lithium LiFePO4 Hybrid System. Moreover,Water Treatment Anticorrosive Ceramic Capacitor Micro Pressure Transmitter, and the role of other operative variables has simply been disregarded. A new up-to-date statistical cost model for flotation machines (Switch Control 12V 18W RGB Wall Mounted LED Swimming Pool Light Underwater with CE RoHS IP68 Reports, self-aerating, and standard) has been developed.

Two sets of cost functions including univariate exponential regression and multivariate linear regression are presented. Individual cost functions are presented for each operational cost item category such as overhaul (4x2 electric pickup truck/ Electric vehicle/ car), maintenance (Electric 4 Wheelers Cars 800W 50km/H Mini Old Man Tricycle ), power and lubrication items. However, costs can vary from mine to mine and from time to time, and should be adjusted for conditions specific to the operation based on local unit costs (such as electrical power, lubricants,316L Ceramic Pressure Transducer for Health Care Industry), and annual cost index of mineral processing equipment.Factory Wholesale Price Industrial Induction Vacuum Furnace, and over- extrapolation could result in misguiding estimates.

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Paper received Apr. 2015
Revised paper Received Jul. 2016

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